Cited by 1,425Philosophy and Theoretical ScienceNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesEmotions and Moral Behavior

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The Experience of Emotion

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Barrett, Lisa Feldman, Mesquita, Batja, Ochsner, Kevin N., Gross, James J.·2007·Annual Review of Psychology

DOI 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085709PMC PMC1934613

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Abstract

Abstract Experiences of emotion are content-rich events that emerge at the level of psychological description, but must be causally constituted by neurobiological processes. This chapter outlines an emerging scientific agenda for understanding what these experiences feel like and how they arise. We review the available answers to what is felt (i.e., the content that makes up an experience of emotion) and how neurobiological processes instantiate these properties of experience. These answers are then integrated into a broad framework that describes, in psychological terms, how the experience of emotion emerges from more basic processes. We then discuss the role of such experiences in the economy of the mind and behavior.

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Dan‐Glauser, E., & Scherer, K. R. (2008) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-008-0048-3 · Cited by 50
“Research on the experience of emotion has mainly investigated the brain regions involved using various kinds of brain imaging methods [18–21], which offer the unique advantage of high precision in localizing activity.”
Effect of regulating anger and sadness on decision-making
Szasz, P. L., Hofmann, S. G., Heilman, R. M., & Curtiss, J. E. (2016) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2016.1203354 · Cited by 54
Dissociating affective and semantic valence.
Itkes, O., Kimchi, R., Haj-Ali, H., Shapiro, A., & Kron, A. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000291 · Cited by 55
Emotional perception in eating disorders
Joos, A. A. B., Cabrillac, E., Hartmann, A., Wirsching, M., & Zeeck, A. (2008) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.20621 · Cited by 47
Breathing Scarf: Using a First-Person Research Method to Design a Wearable for Emotional Regulation
Cochrane, K. A., Cao, Y., Girouard, A., & Loke, L. (2022) · International Conference on Tangible, Embedded, and Embodied Interaction (TEI) · doi:10.1145/3490149.3501330 · Cited by 47
“vidual people, for example, through personality and cultural differences [6, 39, 71, 78, 85, 86].”
Background
Graph theoretical brain connectivity measures to investigate neural correlates of music rhythms associated with fear and anger
Aydın, S., & Onbaşı, L. (2024) · Cognitive Neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/s11571-023-09931-5 · Cited by 46
“Discrete emotion model conﬁrms that emotions comprise limited discrete states into basic and mixed emotions (Barrett 2007).”
Abnormal cortico-limbic connectivity during emotional processing correlates with symptom severity in schizophrenia
Vai, B., Papa, G. S., Poletti, S., Radaelli, D., Donnici, E., Bollettini, I., Falini, A., Cavallaro, R., Smeraldi, E., & Benedetti, F. (2015) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.01.002 · Cited by 49
“VPFC also exerts an excitatory connection to DLPFC that may be engaged for a further and more efficient modulation of the limbic activity [3,53].”
Background
The contributions of affective traits and emotion regulation to internalizing disorders: Current state of the literature and measurement challenges.
Naragon-Gainey, K., McMahon, T. P., & Park, J. (2018) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000371 · Cited by 42
“Affect is defined as the feeling state that is central to emotional experience, though emotions also include other loosely coupled components (e.g., facial expressions, physiological responses, behavioral tendencies; Barrett et al., 2007; Mauss, Levenson, McCarter, Wilhelm, & Gross, 2005).”
BackgroundInfluential
Stop the Music?: The Effect of Music on Risky Financial Decisions: An Experimental Study
Israel, A., Lahav, E., & Ziv, N. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jbef.2019.07.003 · Cited by 46
Emotions in reading: Disgust, empathy and the contextual learning hypothesis
Silva, C., Montant, M., Ponz, A., & Ziegler, J. C. (2012) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.07.013 · Cited by 45
Emotions and concerns: Situational evidence for their systematic co-occurrence.
Leersnyder, J. D., Koval, P., Kuppens, P., & Mesquita, B. (2017) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000314 · Cited by 51
Self-citation
Biometric and Emotion Identification: An ECG Compression Based Method
Brás, S., Ferreira, J., Soares, S., & Pinho, A. J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00467 · Cited by 44
“The emotion is dependent on the person (Barrett et al., 2007; Kim and André, 2008; Agraﬁoti et al., 2012), therefore it is essential to identify the person ﬁrst.”
Background
Foreign language effect in decision-making: How foreign is it?
Miozzo, M., Navarrete, E., Ongis, M., Mello, E., Girotto, V., & Peressotti, F. (2020) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104245 · Cited by 49
Towards an affect intensity regulation hypothesis: Systematic review and meta-analyses of the relationship between affective states and alcohol consumption
Tovmasyan, A., Monk, R. L., & Heim, D. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0262670 · Cited by 44
“An important debate in the literature concerns whether emotions ought to be conceptualised along dimensions of valence and arousal [40,41] or as discrete entities [42,43].”
Background
An Introduction to Physiological Player Metrics for Evaluating Games
Nacke, L. E. (2013) · Game Analytics, Maximizing the Value of Player Data · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-4769-5_26 · Cited by 65
“A general starting point for the interested emotion researcher are the following introductory articles: Kleinginna and Kleinginna ( 1981 ) , Panksepp ( 2004 ) , Bradley and Lang ( 2007 ) , Russell ( 2003 ) , Barrett ( 2006 ) , Barrett et al. ( 2007 ) , and Dalgleish et al. ( 2009 ) .”
Background
The nature of hurt feelings: Emotional experience and cognitive appraisals.
Leary, M., & Leder, S. (2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511770548.003 · Cited by 43
Emotions are culturally situated
Mesquita, B. (2007) · Social Science Information · doi:10.1177/05390184070460030107 · Cited by 44
“I have suggested that a more satisfactory definition of emotion should incorporate the basic fact that emotions are contextually constituted (Barrett, 2006b; Barrett et al., 2007; Mesquita, 2003; Mesquita and Albert, 2006; Mesquita et al., 2006; Mesquita and Leu, 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The Double Framing Effect of Emotive Metaphors in Argumentation
Ervas, F., Rossi, M. G., Ojha, A., & Indurkhya, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.628460 · Cited by 50
“Emotions can be used to present the linguistic formulation of an argument with a specific (positive or negative) valence, which can be considered as a special “semantic primitive” determining the intended (positive or negative) meaning (Barrett et al., 2007).”
Background
A Cross-Lagged Analysis of Emotion Regulation, Peer Problems, and Emotional Problems in Children With and Without Early Language Difficulties: Evidence From the Millennium Cohort Study
Forrest, C. L., Gibson, J. L., Halligan, S. L., & Clair, M. S. (2020) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2020_jslhr-19-00188 · Cited by 57
“Moreover, Barrett et al. (2007) describe the need for a strong vocabulary to establish “emotional granularity,” the ability to accurately distinguish between specific emotions and identify appropriate responses in order to regulate emotions effectively.”
Background
How universal is preference for visual curvature? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Chuquichambi, E. G., Vartanian, O. A., Skov, M., Corradi, G. B., Nadal, M., Silvia, P. J., & Munar, E. (2022) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14919 · Cited by 51
The Lived Experience of Gratitude
Hlava, P., & Elfers, J. (2014) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022167813508605 · Cited by 41
AffectRoute – considering people’s affective responses to environments for enhancing route-planning services
Huang, H., Klettner, S., Schmidt, M., Gärtner, G., Leitinger, S., Wagner, A., & Steinmann, R. (2014) · International Journal of Geographical Information Systems · doi:10.1080/13658816.2014.931585 · Cited by 43
“Similar to Srinivas (2010), this article uses the term affect to describe internal neurophysiological states, such as emotion, moods, and other related feeling states (Russell 2003, APA 2006, Barrett et al. 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Collective Passion in Entrepreneurial Teams
Drnovšek, M., Cardon, M., & Murnieks, C. Y. (2009) · International studies in entrepreneurship · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0443-0_9 · Cited by 47
Sensory and Emotional Components in Tourist Memories of Wildlife Encounters: Intense, Detailed, and Long-Lasting Recollections of Individual Incidents
Buckley, R. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14084460 · Cited by 50
Rewiring the Brain Through the Gut: Insights into Microbiota–Nervous System Interactions
Săvulescu-Fiedler, I., Benea, S. N., Căruntu, C., Nancoff, A.-S., Homentcovschi, C., & Bucurica, S. (2025) · Current Issues in Molecular Biology · doi:10.3390/cimb47070489 · Cited by 51
“A direct relationship exists between the intensity of bodily sensation perception and the intensity of emotional experiences [13].”
Stem Cell Factor (SCF) is a putative biomarker of antidepressant response
Benedetti, F., Poletti, S., Hoogenboezem, T. A., Locatelli, C., Ambrée, O., de Wit, H., Wijkhuijs, A. J. M., Mazza, E. B., Bulgarelli, C., Vai, B., et al. (2016) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-016-9672-y · Cited by 42
“To confirm the pattern, all these MRI analyses were repeated for the other neurotrophins/hematopoietic growth factors, which significantly changed with treatment but were not influenced by antidepressant response (Table 2), but none of these gave significant results.”
The neuroscience of emotion regulation: Basic mechanisms and their role in development, aging, and psychopathology.
Silvers, J. A., Buhle, J. T., & Ochsner, K. N. (2014) · Cited by 42
Self-citation
An intentional model of emotional well-being: the development and initial validation of a measure of subjective well-being
Şimşek, Ö. F. (2011) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-010-9203-0 · Cited by 42
“Even though there is ample literature supporting the idea that emotions or affect are basically intentional (Barrett et al. 2007; Goldie 2002, 2004; Lewis and Todd 2005; Nussbaum 2001; Whiting 2006), there is no measure of SEWB that takes intentionality into consideration.”
Background

Authors: Barrett, L. F., Mesquita, B., Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J.
Affiliations: Boston College (US)
Wake Forest University (US)
Columbia University (US)
Stanford University (US)
ORCID: Barrett, Lisa Feldman
Mesquita, Batja
Ochsner, Kevin N.
Gross, James J.
Venue: Annual Review of Psychology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2007-01-01
Volume: 58
Issue: 1
Pages: 373-403
ISSN: 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
1545-2085
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085709
PMC: PMC1934613
OpenAlex: W2129134806
Cited by: 1,425
References: 277
Citations by year: 2026: 95 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 86 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 92 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 70 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 80 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 66
FWCI: 4.55
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: National Science Foundation (0527440)
National Institutes of Health (R01 MH58147, MH58147)
National Institute of Mental Health (R01 # MH58147, K02MH001981, R01 MH66957, R01MH058147, MH 58147, R01MH066957)
Topics: Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
Keywords: emotions, subjective experience, emotional content, affective neuroscience, emergence of consciousness, mind-brain relationship, emotion and behavior
MeSH terms: Affect, Awareness, Brain, Brain Mapping, Concept Formation, Emotions, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Internal-External Control, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Nerve Net, Social Behavior, Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical, Imaging, Three-Dimensional

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