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The Experience of Emotion
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Abstract Experiences of emotion are content-rich events that emerge at the level of psychological description, but must be causally constituted by neurobiological processes. This chapter outlines an emerging scientific agenda for understanding what these experiences feel like and how they arise. We review the available answers to what is felt (i.e., the content that makes up an experience of emotion) and how neurobiological processes instantiate these properties of experience. These answers are then integrated into a broad framework that describes, in psychological terms, how the experience of emotion emerges from more basic processes. We then discuss the role of such experiences in the economy of the mind and behavior.
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“Individuals who construct instances of emotion that are lower in granularity represent a range of negatively (or positively) valenced experiences using the same emotion word.[84][85][86]”
From A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [85]
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Self-citationTowards an inclusive social and emotional learning
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“The amygdala belongs to an affective circuit that generates a psychological state of pleasantness and unpleasantness and enhances the visual processing of the target object (Amaral et al., 2003; Barrett et al., 2007).”
BackgroundWilliams, M., Belkin, L. Y., & Chen, C. C. (2020) · Group & Organization Management · doi:10.1177/1059601120911224 · Cited by 33
“…processing can produce discrete emotions and can be based purely on reflexive attributions, thus bypassing effortful and cognitively taxing attributional evaluations and judgmentdriven decision making (Barrett et al., 2007; Lieberman et al., 2002; Ochsner et al., 2009; Spunt & Lieberman, 2014).”
BackgroundMonteleone, A. M., Cascino, G., Martini, M., Patriciello, G., Ruzzi, V., Delsedime, N., Daga, G. A., & Marzola, E. (2020) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2535 · Cited by 35
Categorizing the function of positive emotions
Revord, J., Sweeny, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2021) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.03.001 · Cited by 39
“Despite their differences, most emotion theorists agree that emotions are characterized by some type of subjective experience that emerges from more basic processes [13].”
Reimann, M., Núñez, S. R., & Castaño, R. (2017) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1093/jcr/ucx058 · Cited by 29
Dillon, D. G., Deveney, C. M., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2011) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073910380973 · Cited by 32
Anxiety Induction in Virtual Environments: An Experimental Comparison of Three General Techniques
Chittaro, L. (2013) · Interacting with Computers · doi:10.1093/iwc/iwt049 · Cited by 29
“Contemporary theories instead distinguish between two levels of emotional experience, introducing a level of (conscious or unconscious) cognitive appraisal of physiological changes (Russel, 2003; Wiens, 2005; Barrett et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSzulczewski, M. T., & Rynkiewicz, A. (2018) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13221 · Cited by 53
“Thus, in the present study, we used one of the most prominent approaches to affect—a core affect model—which integrates other dimensional approaches (Barrett, Mesquita, Ochsner, & Gross, 2007; Russell, 2003; Russell & Barrett, 1999).”
The Ontogenesis of Jealousy in the First Year of Life
Hart, S. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9781444323542.ch4 · Cited by 29
The sound and the fury: Late positive potential is sensitive to sound affect
Brown, D. R., & Cavanagh, J. F. (2017) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12959 · Cited by 28
Invisible side of emotions: somato-motor responses to affective facial displays in alexithymia
Scarpazza, C., Làdavas, E., & Cattaneo, L. (2017) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-017-5118-x · Cited by 35
Developmental aspects in cultural neuroscience
Chiao, J. Y. (2018) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2018.06.005 · Cited by 33
An uncertain Kansei Engineering methodology for behavioral service design
Yan, H.-B., & Li, M. (2020) · IISE Transactions · doi:10.1080/24725854.2020.1766727 · Cited by 28
Climate change in rural Ghana: perceptions and adaptive responses
Addaney, M., Asibey, M. O., Cobbinah, P. B., & Akudugu, J. A. (2021) · Local Environment · doi:10.1080/13549839.2021.1978411 · Cited by 31
“Observed changes in climatic patterns: respondents’ perspectives Climate change contributes to poverty both directly through actual losses from rainfall shocks and indirectly through responses to the threat of crisis (Barrett et al. 2007).”
BackgroundMining Bodily Patterns of Affective Experience during Learning.
D’Mello, S. K., & Graesser, A. C. (2010) · Educational Data Mining · Cited by 28
Shared Knowledge About Emotion Among Vietnamese and English Bilingual and Monolingual Speakers
Alvarado, N., & Jameson, K. A. (2011) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022110381125 · Cited by 28
“Emotion feelings stem from evolution and neurobiological development, not from conceptual acts: Corrections for Barrett et al. (2007).”
BackgroundCognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Envy
Leahy, R. L. (2020) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-020-10135-y · Cited by 28
Hamilton, N. A., Karoly, P., Gallagher, M. W., Stevens, N. R., Karlson, C., & McCurdy, D. (2007) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-007-9163-9 · Cited by 34
“Although the relationship between emotion regulation and emotional health is an important one, it will be important to document that self-reports of the process of emotion regulation also relate to evidence of ''on-line'' regulation (Barrett et al. 2007).”
InfluentialA systematic review of emotional design research in multimedia learning
Bayraktar, D. M. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-12823-8 · Cited by 50
“Valence is a fundamental component of emotional response (facial expressions, tone of voice, neural activation, expressive behavior) as well as forming the most basic part of emotional experience (Barrett et al., 2007 ).”
The application of appraisal theories of emotions in the case of consumer confusion
Anninou, I. (2018) · Management Decision · doi:10.1108/md-12-2017-1277 · Cited by 27
“These developments are in accordance with recent findings from neuroscience (Phelps 2006; Barrett et al., 2007) which support this notion of a gradient relationship.”
ResultAffective Communication of Map Symbols: A Semantic Differential Analysis
Klettner, S. (2020) · ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information · doi:10.3390/ijgi9050289 · Cited by 27
“In maps, such shape symbols may, therefore, be employed with particular care, since stimuli with strong expressive, connotative qualities may influence affective responses as well as cognitive processes and related judgments [19,20,28].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Barrett, L. F., Mesquita, B., Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Boston College (US)
- Wake Forest University (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2007-01-01
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 373-403
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- PMC
- PMC1934613
- OpenAlex
- W2129134806
- Cited by
- 1,425
- References
- 277
- Citations by year
- 2026: 95 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 86 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 92 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 70 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 80 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 66
- FWCI
- 4.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0527440)
- National Institutes of Health (R01 MH58147, MH58147)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 # MH58147, K02MH001981, R01 MH66957, R01MH058147, MH 58147, R01MH066957)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Keywords
- emotions, subjective experience, emotional content, affective neuroscience, emergence of consciousness, mind-brain relationship, emotion and behavior
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Awareness, Brain, Brain Mapping, Concept Formation, Emotions, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Internal-External Control, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Nerve Net, Social Behavior, Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical, Imaging, Three-Dimensional
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