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The Experience of Emotion
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Abstract Experiences of emotion are content-rich events that emerge at the level of psychological description, but must be causally constituted by neurobiological processes. This chapter outlines an emerging scientific agenda for understanding what these experiences feel like and how they arise. We review the available answers to what is felt (i.e., the content that makes up an experience of emotion) and how neurobiological processes instantiate these properties of experience. These answers are then integrated into a broad framework that describes, in psychological terms, how the experience of emotion emerges from more basic processes. We then discuss the role of such experiences in the economy of the mind and behavior.
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“Individuals who construct instances of emotion that are lower in granularity represent a range of negatively (or positively) valenced experiences using the same emotion word.[84][85][86]”
From A new science of emotion: implications for functional neurological disorder (2022) · cites this paper as [85]
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Emerging Directions in Emotional Episodic Memory
Dolcos, F., Katsumi, Y., Weymar, M., Moore, M., Tsukiura, T., & Dolcos, S. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01867 · Cited by 133
“…processing (Heinzel and Northoff, 2009; Roy et al., 2012; Delgado et al., 2016), whereas the lateral PFC, despite the functional heterogeneity of this region (e.g., Petrides and Pandya, 2002), has also been linked to the subjective experience of emotion (Barrett et al., 2007; Wager et al., 2008).”
BackgroundImplicit affect in organizations☆
Barsade, S. G., Ramarajan, L., & Westen, D. (2009) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2009.06.008 · Cited by 123
An Appraisal Account of Individual Differences in Emotional Experience
Kuppens, P., & Tong, E. M. W. (2010) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00324.x · Cited by 129
Zaki, J. (2013) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691613475454 · Cited by 125
A shift in perspective: Decentering through mindful attention to imagined stressful events
Lebois, L. A. M., Papies, E. K., Gopinath, K., Cabanban, R., Quigley, K. S., Krishnamurthy, V., Barrett, L. F., & Barsalou, L. W. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.05.030 · Cited by 114
Self-citationHedger, N., Gray, K. L. H., Garner, M., & Adams, W. J. (2016) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000054 · Cited by 115
Emotional granularity and borderline personality disorder.
Suvak, M. K., Litz, B. T., Sloan, D. M., Zanarini, M. C., Barrett, L. F., & Hofmann, S. G. (2010) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021808 · Cited by 132
Self-citationHippocampal-amygdala memory circuits govern experience-dependent observational fear
Terranova, J. I., Yokose, J., Osanai, H., Marks, W. D., Yamamoto, J., Ogawa, S. K., & Kitamura, T. (2022) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2022.01.019 · Cited by 117
“Fear can be acquired either by direct experience or indirect experience through social observation (Barrett et al., 2007; Olsson and Phelps, 2007).”
Cross Cultural Variation in Emotion Regulation: A Systematic Review
Ramzan, N., & Amjad, N. (2017) · Annals of King Edward Medical University · doi:10.21649/akemu.v23i1.1512 · Cited by 115
“The suppression in return results in poor adjustments, both psychologically and physically.(15) Collectivism on the”
BackgroundFaure, A., Richard, J. M., & Berridge, K. C. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011223 · Cited by 114
“This feature might also conceivably set limits on the range of emotional processes that can be effectively adjusted by cognitive therapies that recruit top-down circuits [45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52].”
BackgroundNavigating the Science of Emotion
Barrett, L. F. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100508-8.00002-3 · Cited by 122
Self-citationDistributed neural system for emotional intelligence revealed by lesion mapping
Barbey, A. K., Colom, R., & Grafman, J. H. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss124 · Cited by 122
“…1Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, 2Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, 3Department of Internal Medicine, 4Department of Psychology, 5Department of Speech and Hearing Science, 6Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA,…”
BackgroundThe Dynamic Interplay between Appraisal and Core Affect in Daily Life
Kuppens, P., Champagne, D., & Tuerlinckx, F. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00380 · Cited by 121
“That appraisals influence core affect (and vice versa) seems obvious and is often acknowledged (Russell, 2003; Barrett et al., 2007; Boden and Berenbaum, 2010).”
BackgroundOldershaw, A., Startup, H. M., & Lavender, T. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00219 · Cited by 131
(2010) · doi:10.1037/12067-000 · Cited by 112
Beatty, A. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780198936183.003.0038 · Cited by 112
Anger as “seeing red”: Evidence for a perceptual association
Fetterman, A. K., Robinson, M. D., & Meier, B. P. (2012) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2012.673477 · Cited by 115
“To understand the subjective component of emotions, then, it is necessary to provide an explanatory framework that does not reduce them to its observable manifestations (Barrett, Mesquita, Ochsner, & Gross, 2007 ).”
BackgroundToward a Phenomenology of Mindfulness: Subjective Experience and Emotional Correlates
Brown, K. W., & Cordon, S. L. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-09593-6_5 · Cited by 119
A hierarchical latent stochastic differential equation model for affective dynamics.
Oravecz, Z., Tuerlinckx, F., & Vandekerckhove, J. (2011) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0024375 · Cited by 119
Distinct pathways of neural coupling for different basic emotions
Tettamanti, M., Rognoni, E., Cafiero, R., Costa, T., Galati, D., & Perani, D. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.08.018 · Cited by 106
The Origins of Specific Phobias: Influential Theories and Current Perspectives
Coelho, C. M., & Purkis, H. M. (2009) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017759 · Cited by 118
Breaking the Links in Intergenerational Violence: An Emotional Regulation Perspective
Siegel, J. P. (2013) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12023 · Cited by 144
Continuous Self-Report Methods
Schubert, E. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199230143.003.0009 · Cited by 111
Metadata
- Authors
- Barrett, L. F., Mesquita, B., Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J.
- Affiliations
- Boston College (US)
- Wake Forest University (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2007-01-01
- Volume
- 58
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 373-403
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- PMC
- PMC1934613
- OpenAlex
- W2129134806
- Cited by
- 1,425
- References
- 277
- Citations by year
- 2026: 95 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 78 · 2023: 86 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 92 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 98 · 2018: 77 · 2017: 70 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 80 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 63 · 2012: 66
- FWCI
- 4.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0527440)
- National Institutes of Health (R01 MH58147, MH58147)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 # MH58147, K02MH001981, R01 MH66957, R01MH058147, MH 58147, R01MH066957)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Keywords
- emotions, subjective experience, emotional content, affective neuroscience, emergence of consciousness, mind-brain relationship, emotion and behavior
- MeSH terms
- Affect, Awareness, Brain, Brain Mapping, Concept Formation, Emotions, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Internal-External Control, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Nerve Net, Social Behavior, Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical, Imaging, Three-Dimensional
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