The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Validation of tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance method to assess human body composition
Abstract
This study was conducted to validate the relationship between bioelectrical conductance (ht2/R) and densitometrically determined fat-free mass, and to compare the prediction errors of body fatness derived from the tetrapolar impedance method and skinfold thicknesses, relative to hydrodensitometry. One-hundred and fourteen male and female subjects, aged 18–50 yr, with a wide range of fat-free mass (34–96 kg) and percent body fat (4–41%), participated. For males, densitometrically determined fat-free mass was correlated highly (r = 0.979), with fat-free mass predicted from tetrapolar conductance measures using an equation developed for males in a previous study. For females, the correlation between measured fat-free mass and values predicted from the combined (previous and present male data) equation for men also was strong (r = 0.954). The regression coefficients in the male and female regression equations were not significantly different. Relative to hydrodensitometry, the impedance method had a lower predictive error or standard error of the estimates of estimating body fatness than did a standard anthropometric technique (2.7 vs. 3.9%). Therefore this study establishes the validity and reliability of the tetrapolar impedance method for use in assessment of body composition in healthy humans.
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In the citing paper
“The BIA equation developed in this study (R2 = 0.97; SRMSE= 1.99) was similar to or better than those obtained with other equations designed with comparable sample sizes, such as that of Lukasky (84 males; 67 females) [27] based on hydrodensitometry (R2 = 0.96; SEE = 3.06), or of Baumgartner (35 males; 63 females)[28] based on a four compartment model (R2 = 0.91; SEE = 2.47).”
In the citing paper
“The body composition variables selected in the final model of this study have been reported as the best predictors in BIA equations designed to estimate FFM [25-27].”
In the citing paper
“The explanation for this could be that limb length and body weight are positively related to resistance, which is the main predictor of FFM estimated with BIA [27].”
In the citing paper
“There is limited information available regarding EQ3 development sample.The subjects ranged in age from 19 to 50 years, and the mean FFM was 60.2 kg, which was notably higher than our sample (Lukaski et al., 1986).”
From External validation of bioelectrical impedance analysis equations for body composition against dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in Mexican recreational runners (2025) · cites this paper as Lukaski et al., 1986
In the citing paper
“The Lukaski (22) and Kushner (21) equations provided estimates that were unaffected by the participants' body weight, but only the Lukaski equation ( 22) provided unbiased estimates.”
From Comparison of Body Composition Methods in Obese African‐American Women (2006) · cites this paper as [22]
In the citing paper
“Bio-electrical impedance analysis (BIA) is used in population and clinical studies as a technique for estimating body composition.”
From Prediction of fat-free mass using bioelectrical impedance analysis in young adults from five populations of African origin (2013) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) has been used as a less expensive alternative for estimating body composition in both adults and children (3).”
From Prediction of fat-free mass using bioelectrical impedance analysis in young adults from five populations of African origin (2013) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“The BIA 101 Akern is a valid and reliable alternative to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for the assessment of body composition and has been used in various other studies [7,52–54].”
From How reliable is the labeling of a commercial phytosteroid product? A 12-week randomized double-blind training study (2025) · cites this paper as [53]
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“BIA was performed according to the standard tetrapolar procedure [13] using a Human-Im BIA(DS Medigroup, Milan, Italy).”
MethodInfluentialDey, D. K., Bosaeus, I., Lissner, L., & Steen, B. (2003) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601625 · Cited by 75
“Resistance (R) and reactance (Xc) were measured by a four-terminal impedance analyzer (model BIA-101, RJL system, Detroit) according to the standard procedures described elsewhere (Lukaski et al, 1986).”
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“Percent body fat can also be estimated by bioelectrical impedance, an inexpensive and noninvasive technique based on the difference in conductance and resistance of fat and lean tissue (Lukaski et al., 1986), or extrapolated from an evaluation of subcutaneous fat performed by the measurement of skinfold (s) thickness…”
BackgroundFaienza, M. F., Brunetti, G., Ventura, A., D’Aniello, M., Pepe, T., Giordano, P., Monteduro, M., & Cavallo, L. (2013) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000347217 · Cited by 76
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“…studies have demonstrated the reliability of impedance measurements and the validity of BI equations for estimating intracellular and extracellular fl uid distribution and lean body mass have been shown to infl uence BI estimates of body composition (Lukaski et al. 1986; Van Loan et al. 1992).”
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“Fat-free mass was determined using bioelectrical-impedance analysis (Lukaski et al., 1986). b Fallers refers to the percentage of participants who had 1 or more falls in the past 12 months.”
MethodPaes, T. C. D. A., de Oliveira, K. C. C., Padilha, P. D. C., & Peres, W. A. F. (2018) · Journal of Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2018.01.006 · Cited by 74
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“SF-BIA permits assessment of TBW and fat-free mass (FFM) for normal hydrated persons but is not appropriate under conditions of significantly altered hydration [24].”
Backgroundbeta-Carotene in breast milk and serum is increased after a single beta-carotene dose
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Validity of Body-Composition Methods across Racial and Ethnic Populations
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“Newton et al.[6] compared several generalized BIA equations and found only two, the Lukaski [7] and Kushner [8] equations, would provide consistent estimates when compared with fan-beam DXA, while others would underestimate percent body fat as it increased among obese African-American women.”
ResultSegmental bioelectrical impedance analysis
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Nutritional State during COPD Exacerbation: Clinical and Prognostic Implications
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“‡% BF w as dterm ied uing bioectricalim peance anlysis (20)Balance inex:a ow er sore inicates btter overbalance prform ance ((1)7).”
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“…196 0.3 9.4 66 73.6 8.2 130 2.3 7.3 Obese subjectsa DEXA7SKF 20 5.2 10.8 7 1.1 10.4 13 7.4 8.8 DEXA7BIA Manufacturer 23 8.4 9.4 7 6.0 6.7 16 9.4 9.8 Lukaski et al (1986) 23 0.7 12.7 7 74.9 8.6 16 3.1 11.6 Segal et al (1988) 23 1.2 8.8 7 72.2 5.1 16 2.7 8.6 Non-obese subjects DEXA7SKF 151 1.3…”
InfluentialBioelectrical Impedance in Clinical Practice
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“The XScan plus II software automatically calculates body composition based on tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance [23] with a proprietary formula: Total body water = A × Height(2)/Impedance + B × Weight + C × Age + D × Gender + E.”
MethodPositive association between resting energy expenditure and weight gain in a lean adult population
Luke, A. H., Durazo-Arvizú, R., Cao, G., Adeyemo, A., Tayo, B. O., & Cooper, R. (2006) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/83.5.1076 · Cited by 65
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“Body composition measurements Fat-free mass (FFM) was assessed by bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA), performed in the early morning after an overnight fast, according to a conventional standard technique (Lukaski et al. 1986).”
MethodGlucose and fat metabolism during short-term starvation in cirrhosis
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Sonographic subcutaneous and visceral fat indices represent the distribution of body fat volume
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InfluentialDonadio, C., Consani, C., Ardini, M., Bernabini, G., Caprio, F., Grassi, G., Lucchesi, A., & Nerucci, B. (2005) · Journal of Renal Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.jrn.2005.04.001 · Cited by 66
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“Whole-body SMM (20), fat-free mass (FFM) (21), and fat mass were estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) with an RJL Systems BIA-Quantum Machine (RJL Systems Inc, Clinton, MI).”
MethodIs bioimpedance a good predictor of body-composition change?
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“Whole-body resistance was measured with four surface electrodes placed on the right wrist and ankle, as previously described((18)).”
MethodUsual dietary isoflavone intake and body composition in postmenopausal women
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“The %BF was determined using tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance analysis with 50 Khz resistance and reactance (Model BIA-101, RJL Systems, DT) and body measurements in the sex-specific formulae of Guo et al [15,16].”
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Lysine requirement of adult males is not affected by decreasing dietary protein
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Bioelectrical impedance analysis values as markers to predict severity in critically ill patients
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Effective and Timely Evaluation of Pulmonary Congestion
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Assessment of Body Composition in Elderly: Accuracy of Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
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“Single frequency (50 kHz) bioelectrical impedance analysis has been evaluated for its ability to estimate lean body mass, total body water fluid and body cell mass (Lukaski et al. 1986; Baumgartner et al. 1989; Ellis & Bell, 1999).”
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Insulin Resistance, Leptin and TNF-α System in Morbidly Obese Women after Gastric Bypass
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“[13].”
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Gray, D. S. (1988) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/48.5.1184 · Cited by 60
Breitkreutz, R., Tesdal, K., Jentschura, D., Haas, O., Leweling, H., & Holm, E. (2005) · Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s00508-005-0455-3 · Cited by 58
Moon, J. R., Stout, J. R., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Kendall, K. L., Fukuda, D. H., Cramer, J. T., & Moon, S. E. (2013) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012.163 · Cited by 59
Reis, C. E. G., Ribeiro, D. N., Costa, N. M. B., Bressan, J., Alfenas, R. D. C. G., & Mattes, R. D. (2012) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114512004217 · Cited by 62
“Body fat percentage was measured by tetrapolar electrical bioimpedance (Biodynamics, Model 310, TBW) according to the protocol of Lukaski et al. (15) .”
Rejc, E., Floreani, M., Taboga, P., Botter, A., Toniolo, L., Cancellara, L., Narici, M. V., Šimunič, B., Pišot, R., Biolo, G., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp274772 · Cited by 59
“Body composition was measured by using bioelectrical impedance analysis with a tetra-polar impedance-meter (BIA101, Akern, Florence, Italy), according to an accepted method (Lukaski et al. 1986).”
MethodBos, C., Benamouzig, R., Bruhat, A., Roux, C., Valensi, P. E., Ferrière, F., & Tomé, D. (2001) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1054/clnu.2000.0387 · Cited by 59
Elia, M. (1992) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/0261-5614(92)90071-w · Cited by 58
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis to Determine Fat-Free Mass, Total Body Water and Body Fat
Loan, M. D. V. (1990) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199010040-00001 · Cited by 59
Andrade, C. P., Zamunér, A. R., Forti, M., Tamburús, N. Y., & Silva, E. (2019) · European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.23736/s1973-9087.18.05041-4 · Cited by 58
Muscle mass and muscle function over the adult life span: A cross-sectional study in Flemish adults
Charlier, R., Mertens, E., Lefevre, J., & Thomis, M. A. (2015) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2015.06.009 · Cited by 62
Axelsson, L., Silander, E. M., Bosaeus, I. G., et al. (2018) · European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology · doi:10.1007/s00405-018-5069-2 · Cited by 58
Fat-free mass by bioelectrical impedance Vs dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA)
LORENZO, A. D., Sorge, S. P., Iacopino, L., Andréoli, A., Luca, P. P.-D., & Sasso, G. F. (1998) · Applied Radiation and Isotopes · doi:10.1016/s0969-8043(97)00099-7 · Cited by 56
Intravenous hydration versus naso-jejunal enteral feeding after esophagectomy: a randomised study
Page, R. M., Oo, A., RUSSELL, G., et al. (2002) · European Journal of Cardio-Thoracic Surgery · doi:10.1016/s1010-7940(02)00489-x · Cited by 58
“Pre-operative weight loss and nutritional status were assessed, the latter by the bioimpedence method to give data on lean body mass, body fat and body water contents [6,7].”
MethodBody Composition Changes in Bodybuilders: A Method Comparison
Lichtenbelt, W. D. V. M., Hartgens, F., Vollaard, N. B. J., et al. (2004) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000117159.70295.73 · Cited by 58
“463, where S: stature, R: resistance, W: weight, and Xc: reactance) (15).”
Stolarczyk, L., Heyward, V., Van Loan, M., Hicks, V., Wilson, W., & Reano, L. (1997) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/66.1.8 · Cited by 59
Macdonald, J. H., Marcora, S. M., Jibani, M., Roberts, G., Kumwenda, M. J., Glover, R., Barron, J., & Lemmey, A. B. (2006) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfl432 · Cited by 57
“The bioelectrical impedance generated parameters reflect the fat-free mass (height(2)/resistance) [15] and the body cell mass (reactance) [16].”
Characterization of brown adipose tissue in the human perirenal depot
Svensson, P., Lindberg, K., Hoffmann, J. M., Taube, M., Pereira, M. J., Mohsen‐Kanson, T., Hafner, A.-L., Rizell, M., Palming, J., Dani, C., et al. (2014) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20765 · Cited by 60
“Anthropometric measurements, including measurement of body composition with bioimpedance (21) were obtained from all subjects.”
MethodReference Norms for a Fat-free Mass Index and Fat Mass Index in the Japanese Child Population
Nakao, T., & Komiya, S. (2003) · Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY and Applied Human Science · doi:10.2114/jpa.22.293 · Cited by 57
“Whole-body resistance was measured with four surface electrodes placed on the right wrist and ankle, as previously described (Lukaski et al., 1986).”
MethodDonadio, C., Halim, A. B., Caprio, F., Grassi, G., Khedr, B., & Mazzantini, M. (2008) · Physiological Measurement · doi:10.1088/0967-3334/29/6/s43 · Cited by 57
“Bioelectrical impedance (BIA), which is definitely simpler and cheaper than DXA, is considered adequate to analyse body composition in normal subjects and in patients affected by different chronic diseases (Lukaski et al 1986, Chertow et al 1995, Cooper et al 2000, Ben Halim et al 2007).”
BackgroundMethodGougeon, R., Lamarche, M., Yale, J.-F., & Venuta, T. (2002) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802178 · Cited by 60
PASSCLAIM1?Body weight regulation, insulin sensitivity and diabetes risk
Riccardi, G., Aggett, P. J., Brighenti, F., Delzenne, N. M., Frayn, K. N., Nieuwenhuizen, A. G., Pannemans, D. L. E., Theis, S., Tuijtelaars, S., & Vessby, B. O. (2004) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-004-1202-7 · Cited by 60
Karlsson, A.-K., Attvall, S., Jansson, P., Sullivan, L., & Lännroth, P. (1995) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/0026-0495(95)90289-9 · Cited by 57
Assessment of total body water in paediatric patients on dialysis
Wühl, E., Fusch, C., Scharer, K., et al. (1996) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/11.1.75 · Cited by 57
“Recently, whole-body bioelectrical impedance analysis has been introduced as a precise, quick and noninvasive method to assess total body water [1-3].”
MethodRauchenzauner, M., Griesmacher, A., Tatarczyk, T., Haberlandt, E., Strasak, A. M., Zimmerhackl, L., Falkensammer, G., Luef, G. J., & Högler, W. (2009) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2009.03402.x · Cited by 56
The energetics of ultra-endurance running
Lazzer, S., Salvadego, D., Rejc, E., Buglione, A., Antonutto, G., & di Prampero, P. E. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2120-z · Cited by 56
“In order to the reduce measurement faults, data were collected according to the method of Lukaski et al. (1986) after an overnight fast and after 20 min rest in a supine position with relaxed arms and legs without any contact with other body parts.”
MethodRafii, M., Chapman, K., Stewart, C., et al. (2005) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn.81.2.421 · Cited by 56
“Total body water was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis (16).”
MethodBeshyah, S., Freemantle, C., Thomas, E. L., & Johnston, D. (1995) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/61.6.1186 · Cited by 56
Dietary energy requirements of young adult men, determined by using the doubly labeled water method
Roberts, S. B., Heyman, M., Evans, W., Fuss, P., Tsay, R. H., & Young, V. R. (1991) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/54.3.499 · Cited by 57
Vogel, J. A., & Friedl, K. E. (1992) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199213040-00003 · Cited by 53
Metadata
- Authors
- Lukaski, H. C., Bolonchuk, W. W., Hall, C. B., & Siders, W. A.
- ORCID
- Lukaski, H. C.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1986-04-01
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1327-1332
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2103844937
- Cited by
- 1,370
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 10.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrical and Bioimpedance Tomography
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Keywords
- body composition, fat-free mass, body fat percentage, hydrodensitometry, skinfold thickness, prediction error, anthropometry, method validation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anthropometry, Body Composition, Densitometry, Electric Conductivity, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Skinfold Thickness
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