Cited by 163Muscle metabolism and nutritionMuscle Physiology and DisordersSports Performance and Training

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Resistance exercise with whey protein ingestion affects mTOR signaling pathway and myostatin in men

Hulmi, Juha J., Tannerstedt, Jörgen, Selänne, Harri, Kainulainen, Heikki, Kovanen, Vuokko, Mero, Antti A.·2009·Journal of Applied Physiology

DOI 10.1152/japplphysiol.00087.2009

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Abstract

Signaling pathways sense local and systemic signals and regulate muscle hypertrophy. The effects of whey protein ingestion on acute and long-term signaling responses of resistance exercise are not well known. Previously untrained young men were randomized into protein (n = 9), placebo (n = 9), and control (n = 11) groups. Vastus lateralis (VL) muscle biopsies were taken before and 1 h and 48 h after a leg press of 5 x 10 repetitions [resistance exercise (RE)] and after 21 wk (2 times per week) of resistance training (RT). Protein (15 g of whey) or nonenergetic placebo was ingested before and after a single RE bout and each RE workout throughout the RT. The protein group increased its body mass and VL muscle thickness (measured by ultrasonography) already at week 10.5 (P < 0.05). At week 21, the protein and placebo groups had similarly increased their myofiber size. No changes were observed in the nonexercised controls. However, the phosphorylation of p70(S6K) and ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6) were increased at 1 h post-RE measured by Western blotting, the former being the greatest with protein ingestion. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation was increased after the RE bout and RT only in the protein group, whereas the protein ingestion prevented the post-RE decrease in phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (p-4E-BP1). Akt phosphorylation decreased after RT, whereas no change was observed in phosphorylated eukaryotic elongation factor 2. A post-RE decrease in muscle myostatin protein occurred only in the placebo group. The results indicate that resistance exercise rapidly increases mTOR signaling and may decrease myostatin protein expression in muscle and that whey protein increases and prolongs the mTOR signaling response.

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Influential
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Cannabinoid receptor 1 and acute resistance exercise – In vivo and in vitro studies in human skeletal muscle
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Background
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“Biopsies were taken from the VL at one-third of the length from the patella towards the greater trochanter, using local anaesthetic and a 5-mm Bergström biopsy needle with suction, as previously described (Hulmi et al., 2009).”
Whey Protein Supplementation Combined with Exercise on Muscle Protein Synthesis and the AKT/mTOR Pathway in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Ji, X., Ye, X., Ji, S., Zhang, S., Wang, Y., Zhou, Z., Xiang, D., & Luo, B. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17162579 · Cited by 12
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l-Alanylglutamine inhibits signaling proteins that activate protein degradation, but does not affect proteins that activate protein synthesis after an acute resistance exercise
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“Relevant mechanistic evidence supports this conclusion, as demonstrated by Juha J Hulmi et al., who reported that whey protein supplementation amplifies and prolongs mTOR signaling in the muscle protein synthesis pathway following exercise [45].”
Myostatin's marvels: From muscle regulator to diverse implications in health and disease
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Background
Whey protein modifies gene expression related to protein metabolism affecting muscle weight in resistance-exercised rats
Haraguchi, F. K., Magalhães, C. L. D. B., Neves, L. X., dos Santos, R. C., Pedrosa, M. L., & Silva, M. E. (2013) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2013.12.007 · Cited by 12
“WP induces mTOR phosphorylation to a greater extent than other protein sources, such as soy, in treadmill-exercised rats [9] and prolongs mTOR signaling in response to RE in humans [10].”
Background
Protein supplementation does not alter intramuscular anabolic signaling or endocrine response after resistance exercise in trained men
Gonzalez, A. M., Hoffman, J. R., Jajtner, A. R., Townsend, J. R., Boone, C. H., Beyer, K. S., Baker, K. M., Wells, A. J., Church, D. D., Mangine, G. T., et al. (2015) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2015.09.006 · Cited by 11
Effects of acute and chronic strength training on skeletal muscle autophagy in frail elderly men and women
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Acute effects of lactic acid-fermented and enzyme-digested soybean on protein synthesis via mTOR signaling in the skeletal muscle
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Authors: Hulmi, J. J., Tannerstedt, J., Selänne, H., Kainulainen, H., Kovanen, V., & Mero, A. A.
Affiliations: University of Jyväskylä (FI)
ORCID: Hulmi, Juha J.
Selänne, Harri
Kainulainen, Heikki
Kovanen, Vuokko
Venue: Journal of Applied Physiology
Publisher: American Physiological Society
Published: 2009-05
Volume: 106
Issue: 5
Pages: 1720-1729
ISSN: 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
8750-7587
1522-1601
DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00087.2009
OpenAlex: W2095678778
Cited by: 163
References: 59
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 13 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 22
FWCI: 7.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Ellen ja Artturi Nyyssösen Säätiö
Kela
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Keywords: resistance training, mTOR signaling, myostatin, muscle hypertrophy, p70S6K phosphorylation, ribosomal protein S6, 4E-BP1, Akt phosphorylation, elongation factor 2, vastus lateralis, muscle fiber size, protein supplementation
MeSH terms: Whey Proteins, Dietary Proteins, Humans, Male, Milk Proteins, Phosphorylation, Protein Kinases, Signal Transduction, Exercise, Muscle Fibers, Skeletal, Ribosomal Protein S6, Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa, Oncogene Protein v-akt, Myostatin, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases

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Resistance exercise with whey protein ingestion affects mTOR signaling pathway and myostatin in men

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