Myostatin decreases with aerobic exercise and associates with insulin resistance
Open accessAbstract
PURPOSE: There is mounting evidence that skeletal muscle produces and secretes biologically active proteins or "myokines" that facilitate metabolic cross talk between organ systems. The increased expression of myostatin, a secreted anabolic inhibitor of muscle growth and development, has been associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Despite these intriguing findings, there have been few studies linking myostatin and insulin resistance. METHODS: To explore this relationship in more detail, we quantified myostatin protein in muscle and plasma from 10 insulin-resistant, middle-aged (53.1 ± 5.5 yr) men before and after 6 months of moderate aerobic exercise training (1200 kcal·wk−¹ at 40%-55% VO2peak). To establish a cause-effect relationship, we also injected C57/Bl6 male mice with high physiological levels of recombinant myostatin protein. RESULTS: Myostatin protein levels were shown to decrease in muscle (37%, P = 0.042, n = 10) and matching plasma samples (from 28.7 ng·mL−¹ pretraining to 22.8 ng·mL−¹ posttraining, P = 0.003, n = 9) with aerobic exercise. Furthermore, the strong correlation between plasma myostatin levels and insulin sensitivity (R² = 0.82, P < 0.001, n = 9) suggested a cause-effect relationship that was subsequently confirmed by inducing insulin resistance in myostatin-injected mice. A modest increase (44%) in plasma myostatin levels was also associated with significant reductions in the insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt (Thr308) in both muscle and liver of myostatin-treated animals. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that both muscle and plasma myostatin protein levels are regulated by aerobic exercise and, furthermore, that myostatin is in the causal pathway of acquired insulin resistance with physical inactivity.
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Exercise-induced downregulation of MSTN improves body composition.
“Metabolically, exercise-induced MSTN downregulation represents an important mechanism through which exercise enhances muscle mass, improves body composition, and increases insulin sensitivity [21,22,59].”
From Exercise-Induced Myokines in Obesity-Related Metabolic Disorders and Cardiovascular Protection: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [22]
The Results (Exercise Training) report no significant change in lean or fat mass after aerobic training, while the Discussion reports that muscle and plasma MSTN decreased. This study therefore does not show that exercise-induced MSTN downregulation improved body composition in its participants. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredExercise-induced downregulation of myostatin (MSTN) enhances muscle mass.
“Metabolically, exercise-induced MSTN downregulation represents an important mechanism through which exercise enhances muscle mass, improves body composition, and increases insulin sensitivity [21,22,59].”
From Exercise-Induced Myokines in Obesity-Related Metabolic Disorders and Cardiovascular Protection: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [22]
The Introduction describes myostatin as an inhibitor of muscle growth, and Results > Myostatin Western Blots reports that exercise training reduced muscle myostatin. But Results > Exercise Training reports no significant change in lean mass in the studied men. The paper therefore does not establish that exercise-induced myostatin downregulation enhanced their muscle mass. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLong-term regular exercise persistently lowers baseline myostatin levels in both skeletal muscle and circulation, and performing acute exercise again after long-term training leads to further reduction in myostatin expression.
“Long-term regular exercise persistently lowers baseline MSTN levels in both skeletal muscle and circulation, and performing acute exercise again after long-term training leads to further reduction in MSTN expression [21,22,59].”
From Exercise-Induced Myokines in Obesity-Related Metabolic Disorders and Cardiovascular Protection: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [22]
The Results (Myostatin Western Blots and Myostatin ELISA; page unavailable) report lower muscle and circulating myostatin after aerobic training in insulin-resistant men. But the Methods (Human Muscle Biopsies; page unavailable) say the post-training biopsy was taken within 24 hours of the last exercise bout. The paper does not establish persistently lower baseline levels or show that an additional acute bout after training caused a further reduction. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredExercise-induced downregulation of MSTN increases insulin sensitivity.
“Metabolically, exercise-induced MSTN downregulation represents an important mechanism through which exercise enhances muscle mass, improves body composition, and increases insulin sensitivity [21,22,59].”
From Exercise-Induced Myokines in Obesity-Related Metabolic Disorders and Cardiovascular Protection: A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [22]
The Discussion reports that aerobic exercise reduced myostatin in insulin-resistant men and says those decreases may contribute to improved whole-body insulin sensitivity. It also states that the human findings did not establish a cause-and-effect relationship, so the claim's assertion that exercise-induced downregulation increases insulin sensitivity is stronger than the evidence presented. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCirculating levels of decorin are increased in response to exercise in humans, whereas exercise training reduces levels of myostatin within muscles and blood.
“Circulating levels of decorin are increased in response to exercise in humans (46), whereas exercise training reduces the levels of myostatin within muscles and blood (47, 48).”
From Muscle–Organ Crosstalk: The Emerging Roles of Myokines (2020) · cites this paper as [48]
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“Metabolically, exercise-induced MSTN downregulation represents an important mechanism through which exercise enhances muscle mass, improves body composition, and increases insulin sensitivity [21,22,59].”
- Authors
- HITTEL, D. S., AXELSON, M., SARNA, N., SHEARER, J., HUFFMAN, K. M., & KRAUS, W. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Calgary (CA)
- Duke Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
- Published
- 2010-11
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2023-2029
- ISSN
- 0195-9131 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2975387
- OpenAlex
- W2027076461
- Cited by
- 271
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 3.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL057354)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Keywords
- myostatin, insulin resistance, aerobic exercise training, myokines, skeletal muscle, insulin sensitivity, Akt phosphorylation, physical inactivity, obesity
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Animals, Biopsy, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Middle Aged, Phosphorylation, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal, Mice, Myostatin
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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