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Is the healthy respiratory system built just right, overbuilt, or underbuilt to meet the demands imposed by exercise?
Abstract
In the healthy, untrained young adult, a case is made for a respiratory system (airways, pulmonary vasculature, lung parenchyma, respiratory muscles, and neural ventilatory control system) that is near ideally designed to ensure a highly efficient, homeostatic response to exercise of varying intensities and durations. Our aim was then to consider circumstances in which the intra/extrathoracic airways, pulmonary vasculature, respiratory muscles, and/or blood-gas distribution are underbuilt or inadequately regulated relative to the demands imposed by the cardiovascular system. In these instances, the respiratory system presents a significant limitation to O 2 transport and contributes to the occurrence of locomotor muscle fatigue, inhibition of central locomotor output, and exercise performance. Most prominent in these examples of an “underbuilt” respiratory system are highly trained endurance athletes, with additional influences of sex, aging, hypoxic environments, and the highly inbred equine. We summarize by evaluating the relative influences of these respiratory system limitations on exercise performance and their impact on pathophysiology and provide recommendations for future investigation.
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“However, the respiratory system can be a limiting factor for aerobic capacity in highly trained endurance athletes, such as cross-country skiers, who have very high cardiac outputs and may experience a limitation in their expiratory flow because their high aerobic capacity leads to an “excessive” ventilatory demand outstripping their ventilatory system capacity (McKenzie, 2012; Dempsey et al., 202”
From Sex-Specific Effects of Respiratory Muscle Endurance Training on Cycling Time Trial Performance in Normoxia and Hypoxia (2021) · cites this paper as Dempsey et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“Women are more susceptible to limitations of the respiratory system during exercise than men (Molgat-Seon et al., 2018; Dempsey et al., 2020)”
From Sex-Specific Effects of Respiratory Muscle Endurance Training on Cycling Time Trial Performance in Normoxia and Hypoxia (2021) · cites this paper as Dempsey et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“In conditions of normoxia, the respiratory system is thought not to be an important limiting factor for maximum aerobic capacity in young, healthy, but not especially trained men, who possess excess respiratory system capacity (Dempsey et al., 2020).”
From Sex-Specific Effects of Respiratory Muscle Endurance Training on Cycling Time Trial Performance in Normoxia and Hypoxia (2021) · cites this paper as Dempsey et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“It is currently understood that women are more susceptible to limitations in the respiratory system during exercise than men (Molgat-Seon et al., 2018; Dempsey et al., 2020).”
From Sex-Specific Effects of Respiratory Muscle Endurance Training on Cycling Time Trial Performance in Normoxia and Hypoxia (2021) · cites this paper as Dempsey et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“For endurance type of effort, fatigue of the respiratory muscle is also currently thought to be a limiting factor (Boutellier, 1998; Spengler and Boutellier, 2000; Dempsey et al., 2020).”
From Sex-Specific Effects of Respiratory Muscle Endurance Training on Cycling Time Trial Performance in Normoxia and Hypoxia (2021) · cites this paper as Dempsey et al., 2020
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Citations
Cites
Exercise-induced right ventricular dysfunction and structural remodelling in endurance athletes
La Gerche, A., Burns, A. T., Mooney, D. J., Inder, W. J., Taylor, A. J., Bogaert, J., MacIsaac, A. I., Heidbüchel, H., & Prior, D. L. (2012) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr397 · Cited by 776
Heidbüchel, H. (2003) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/s0195-668x(03)00282-3 · Cited by 395
Disproportionate exercise load and remodeling of the athlete's right ventricle
LA GERCHE, A., HEIDBÜCHEL, H., BURNS, A. T., MOONEY, D. J., TAYLOR, A. J., PFLUGER, H. B., INDER, W. J., MACISAAC, A. I., & PRIOR, D. L. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31820607a3 · Cited by 347
La Gerche, A., Connelly, K. A., Mooney, D. J., MacIsaac, A. I., & Prior, D. L. (2008) · Heart · doi:10.1136/hrt.2006.101063 · Cited by 258
Respiratory mechanics during exercise in endurance‐trained men and women
Guenette, J. A., Witt, J. D., McKenzie, D. C., Road, J. D., & Sheel, A. W. (2007) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2006.126466 · Cited by 247
Smaller lungs in women affect exercise hyperpnea
McClaran, S. R., Harms, C. A., Pegelow, D. F., & Dempsey, J. A. (1998) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/jappl.1998.84.6.1872 · Cited by 238
Self-citationAirway injury as a mechanism for exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes
Anderson, S. D., & Kippelen, P. (2008) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2008.05.001 · Cited by 237
Helenius, I., Rytil[auml ], P., Sarna, S., Lumme, A., Helenius, M., Remes, V., & Haahtela, T. (2002) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1067/mai.2002.124769a · Cited by 217
Mechanical Constraints on Exercise Hyperpnea in a Fit Aging Population
Johnson, B. D., Reddan, W. G., Seow, K. C., & Dempsey, J. A. (1991) · American Review of Respiratory Disease · doi:10.1164/ajrccm/143.5_pt_1.968 · Cited by 150
Self-citationImpact of pulmonary system limitations on locomotor muscle fatigue in patients with COPD
Amann, M., Regan, M. S., Kobitary, M., Eldridge, M. W., Boutellier, U., Pegelow, D. F., & Dempsey, J. A. (2010) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00183.2010 · Cited by 150
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200 of 202 shown
Cited by
Neteca, J., Veseta, U., Liepina, I., Volgemute, K., Dzintare, M., & Babarykin, D. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17010063 · Cited by 13
Chambault, J., Grand, G., & Kayser, B. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.700620 · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- Dempsey, J. A., La Gerche, A., & Hull, J. H.
- Affiliations
- John Robert Sutton Professor of Population Health Sciences, John Rankin Laboratory of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Clinical Research Domain, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2020-12-01
- Volume
- 129
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1235-1256
- ISSN
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- Cited by
- 78
- References
- 11
- Language
- en
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (R21 HL137874)
- National Heart Foundation of Australia (102206)
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