Endogenous sleep-promoting substances and sleep regulation
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Basophils and eosinophils were not found to be affected by sleep.
“As for granulocyte subsets, basophils and eosinophils were not found to be affected by sleep (67, 152, 287, 338, 480, 580).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [67]
Several human studies found that sleep reduces total leukocyte count compared with total sleep deprivation or sleep restriction lasting a few hours to several days.
“Several studies in humans have found a reducing effect of sleep on total leukocyte count when compared with total sleep deprivation or sleep restriction for either only a few hours or up to several days (67, 69, 152, 178, 287, 326, 338, 480).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [67]
Total monocyte counts, lymphocyte counts, and major lymphocyte subsets (B cells, CD4 and CD8 T cells, NK cells) have been found either reduced by sleep or unchanged compared with acute or prolonged sleep reduction in humans.
“Similarly, total monocyte counts, lymphocyte counts, and the major lymphocyte subsets (i.e., B cells, CD4 and CD8 T cells, NK cells), have been found to be either reduced by sleep (46, 67, 148, 251, 254, 480, 556, 580) or unchanged (3, 69, 103, 122, 152, 178, 224, 234, 263, 338, 418, 463, 469) when compared with acute or prolonged sleep reduction in humans.”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [67]
Sleep might support the migration of lymphocytes, thus supporting the formation of immunological memory.
“sleep might rather support the migration of lymphocytes, thus supporting the formation of immunological memory.”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [67]
Stimulated IL-2 production seems to be acutely enhanced by sleep in healthy humans, although other studies did not find such an effect when assessing stimulated IL-2 production specifically in CD4 T cells.
“In contrast, stimulated IL-2 production seems to be acutely enhanced by sleep in healthy humans (67, 254, 552), although other studies did not find such an effect when assessing stimulated IL-2 production specifically in CD4 T cells (62, 149).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [67]
Sleep, by favoring pro-inflammatory and Th1 cytokine production, supports the interaction between APCs and T cells and the subsequent differentiation and proliferation of Th1 cells, eventually leading to the formation of IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies.
“In addition, sleep, by favoring pro-inflammatory and Th1 cytokine production, further supports the interaction between APCs and T cells and the subsequent differentiation and proliferation of Th1 cells, eventually leading to the formation of IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies (24, 67, 148, 254, 320).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [67]
Sleep reduces the number of APCs and T cells in the blood, probably by redistributing these cells to lymph nodes.
“Sleep reduces the number of APCs and T cells in the blood, probably by redistributing these cells to lymph nodes (67, 143, 148, 169)”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [67]
Recovery sleep following a single night of sleep deprivation fully restored the sleep deprivation-induced increase in monocyte counts.
“recovery sleep following a single night of sleep deprivation fully restored the sleep deprivation-induced increase in monocyte counts”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [67]
A further reduction of NK cells and activated T cells was observed during recovery sleep, indicating a compensatory decrease of those cell subsets.
“A further reduction of NK cells and activated T cells was observed during recovery sleep, indicating a compensatory decrease of those cell subsets”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [67]
Nocturnal increases in lymphocyte counts, including NK cells, CD4 and CD8 T cells, and activated T cells, were reduced in the evening following sleep deprivation compared with a sleep control group.
“Nocturnal increases in lymphocyte counts, including NK cells, CD4 and CD8 T cells, and activated T cells, were reduced in the evening following sleep deprivation compared with a sleep control group”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [67]
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“[66] [67]; see also Ref.”
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“it is enhanced during the deep sleep that follows sleep deprivation [35,88].”
BackgroundThe corticothalamic system in sleep
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Theta and gamma coordination of hippocampal networks during waking and rapid eye movement sleep.
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“Sleep is not a homogeneous state, but is composed of various stages of slow-wave sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (Steriade and Llinas, 1988; Borbely and Tobler, 1989).”
BackgroundOpp, M. R. (2005) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2005.01.002 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
“Within the past 40 years, several groups have replicated these findings in various species and experimental models [3–9].”
BackgroundImmunoregulators in the nervous system
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“It was replaced by the more sophisticated (but still erroneous) theory of hypnogenic peptides (Borbely and Tobler 1989) heralded by the so-called “delta sleep inducing peptide.”
Immobilisation stress induces a paradoxical sleep rebound in rat
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“It is thought that this effect is a result of progressive physiological, biochemical and molecular changes in the brain (Borbely and Tobler 1989).”
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“There is a long history of searches for endogenous sleep-inducing factors and exploration of the biochemical and neural mechanisms by which they influence natural sleep (38, 39).”
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“However, what it is about wakefulness that causes enhanced production of SRSs has not, until recently, been characterized.”
InfluentialDiurnal variations of interleukin-1β mRNA and β-actin mRNA in rat brain
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Identifying Sleep Regulatory Genes Using a Drosophila Model of Insomnia
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“Rather, sleep is modulated by a variety of neurochemicals operating through multiple neuronal systems distributed throughout the neuraxis (Borbély and Tobler, 1989; Obal and Krueger, 2003).”
BackgroundBrain organization and sleep function
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“These supranormal EEG slow waves are believed to be indicative of the intensity of NREMS (Borbe ly and Tobler 1989).”
BackgroundNeuronal Substrates of Sleep and Epilepsy
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“Criteria for a sleep/homeostatic factor have been created to overcome this problem [3].”
BackgroundWhy we sleep: a theoretical view of sleep function
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Uridine Function in the Central Nervous System
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“Uridine was identified as an active component of sleeppromoting substance purified from the brainstem of sleepdeprived rats [42, 43].”
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SCHÜSSLER, P., Uhr, M., Ising, M., Weikel, J. C., Schmid, D. W., Held, K., Mathias, S., & Steiger, A. (2006) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2006.05.002 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“Sleep deprivation (SD) is a strong stimulus for SWS (Borbély and Tobler, 1989).”
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Sleep Abnormalities During Abstinence in Alcohol-Dependent Patients
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“important roles in the regulation of vigilance and sleep.[55-63]”
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Humoral Sleep Regulation; Interleukin-1 and Tumor Necrosis Factor
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BackgroundInfluentialBrain-derived neurotrophic factor enhances spontaneous sleep in rats and rabbits
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“These and many additional data strongly suggest that these growth factors are involved in physiological sleep regulation (3, 21).”
Background<i>Molecular Mechanisms of Sleep and Wakefulness</i>
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Nitric oxide production in the basal forebrain is required for recovery sleep
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“1999, 2001; Luheshi, 1999), and alter sleep regulation (Borbely and Tobler, 1989; Opp et al., 1991; Krueger, 2008).”
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“Increased delta power during SWS is currently viewed as an indicator of increased sleep pressure [64], and is consistently documented after SD exposures.”
BackgroundSomnogenic relationships between tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1
Takahashi, S., Kapás, L., Fang, J., & Krueger, J. M. (1999) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.1999.276.4.r1132 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“REMS: 2-way repeated ANOVA for 17-h post-SD period, treatment effects F(2,10) 5 13.”
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Ketamine Administration During Waking Increases Delta EEG Intensity in Rat Sleep
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Nuclear factor-κB-like activity increases in murine cerebral cortex after sleep deprivation
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“Lumbar cerebral spinal ¯uid (CSF) levels of AVT vary with REM sleep indices and AVT levels are abnormally high during REM sleep in narcoleptics (Borbely and Tobler 1989; Pavel et al. 1979).”
BackgroundA BEHAVIORAL MODEL OF INFANT SLEEP DISTURBANCE
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“No such exteroceptive US is known, nor, despite much investigation, has a natural, universal, interoceptive biochemical sleep US been identified (Borbeley & Tobler, 1989).”
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“…of IL-1 induced excess sleep, especially slow-wave sleep (SWS), in rabbits, rats, cats, and monkeys (Krueger et al., 1984) (for review, see Borbély and Tobler, 1989; Krueger and Majde, 1994); (2) inhibition of endogenous IL-1 by an IL-1 receptor antagonist (Opp and Krueger, 1991) and by…”
BackgroundOxidized glutathione regulates physiological sleep in unrestrained rats
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Sleep as a host defense: Its regulation by microbial products and cytokines
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Astrocyte expression of the Drosophila TNF-alpha homologue, Eiger, regulates sleep in flies
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Dietary prebiotics alter novel microbial dependent fecal metabolites that improve sleep
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A profile of symptomatic patients with silicone breast implants: A Sjögrens-like syndrome
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“88 At the same time, researchers were trying to find the responsible material for inducing sleep, in the brain and other body fluids.”
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- Authors
- Borbely, A. A., & Tobler, I.
- Affiliations
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Venue
- Physiological Reviews
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1989-04-01
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 605-670
- ISSN
- 0031-9333 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1210
- OpenAlex
- W2197774836
- Cited by
- 259
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 6.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Physiological Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroscience of respiration and sleep
- Keywords
- sleep regulation, endogenous neurotransmitters, sleep homeostasis
- MeSH terms
- Acetylmuramyl-Alanyl-Isoglutamine, Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Cytidine, Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide, Glycopeptides, Humans, Light, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Sleep, REM, Uridine, Neurotransmitter Agents
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