Biological significance of urolithins, the gut microbial ellagic Acid-derived metabolites: the evidence so far
Open accessAbstract
The health benefits attributed to pomegranate have been associated with its high content in polyphenols, particularly ellagitannins. This is also the case for other ellagitannin-containing fruits and nuts including strawberry, raspberry, blackberry, walnuts, and muscadine grapes. The bioavailability of ellagitannins and ellagic acid is however very low. These molecules suffer extensive metabolism by the gut microbiota to produce urolithins that are much better absorbed. Urolithins circulate in plasma as glucuronide and sulfate conjugates at concentrations in the range of 0.2-20 μ M. It is therefore conceivable that the health effects of ellagitannin-containing products can be associated with these gut-produced urolithins, and thus the evaluation of the biological effects of these metabolites is essential. Recent research, mostly based on in vitro testing, has shown preliminary evidence of the anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antiglycative, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects of urolithins, supporting their potential contribution to the health effects attributed to pomegranate and ellagitannin-rich foods. The number of in vivo studies is still limited, but they show preventive effects of urolithins on gut and systemic inflammation that encourage further research. Both in vivo and mechanistic studies are necessary to clarify the health effects of these metabolites. Attention should be paid when designing these mechanistic studies in order to use the physiologically relevant metabolites (urolithins in gut models and their conjugated derivatives in systemic models) at concentrations that can be reached in vivo.
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Among urolithins, urolithin A displays potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antiaging properties.
“Among urolithins, urolithin A (UroA) displays potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and antiaging properties.130,133, 134, 135”
From Regulation of Intestinal Barrier Function by Microbial Metabolites (2021) · cites this paper as [130]
The health benefits of consumption of pomegranate and pomegranate juice are attributed to the activities of urolithins.
“The health benefits of consumption of pomegranate and pomegranate juice are attributed to the activities of these urolithins.130,131”
From Regulation of Intestinal Barrier Function by Microbial Metabolites (2021) · cites this paper as [130]
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- Authors
- Espín, J. C., Larrosa, M., García-Conesa, M. T., & Tomás-Barberán, F.
- Affiliations
- Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Tomás-Barberán, Francisco
- Venue
- Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 2013
- Pages
- 1-15
- ISSN
- 1741-427X (ISSN-L)
- 1741-4288
- PMC
- PMC3679724
- OpenAlex
- W2089453670
- Cited by
- 576
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 81 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 44 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 7
- FWCI
- 24.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Comisión Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnología (AGL2011-22447, 04486, 312090)
- Fundación Séneca de la Región de Murcia (AGL2011-22447, 04486, 312090)
- European Commission (AGL2011-22447, 04486, 312090)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Pomegranate: compositions and health benefits
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- urolithins, ellagitannins, ellagic acid, gut microbiota metabolism, Punica granatum, polyphenols, bioavailability, anti-inflammatory activity, anticarcinogenic activity, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, inflammation
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