Suppression of STING Associated with LKB1 Loss in KRAS-Driven Lung Cancer
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Abstract
KRAS-driven lung cancers frequently inactivate TP53 and/or STK11/LKB1, defining tumor subclasses with emerging clinical relevance. Specifically, KRAS-LKB1 (KL)–mutant lung cancers are particularly aggressive, lack PD-L1, and respond poorly to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). The mechanistic basis for this impaired immunogenicity, despite the overall high mutational load of KRAS-mutant lung cancers, remains obscure. Here, we report that LKB1 loss results in marked silencing of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) expression and insensitivity to cytoplasmic double-strand DNA (dsDNA) sensing. This effect is mediated at least in part by hyperactivation of DNMT1 and EZH2 activity related to elevated S-adenylmethionine levels and reinforced by DNMT1 upregulation. Ectopic expression of STING in KL cells engages IRF3 and STAT1 signaling downstream of TBK1 and impairs cellular fitness, due to the pathologic accumulation of cytoplasmic mitochondrial dsDNA associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, silencing of STING avoids these negative consequences of LKB1 inactivation, while facilitating immune escape. Significance: Oncogenic KRAS-mutant lung cancers remain treatment-refractory and are resistant to ICB in the setting of LKB1 loss. These results begin to uncover the key underlying mechanism and identify strategies to restore STING expression, with important therapeutic implications because mitochondrial dysfunction is an obligate component of this tumor subtype. See related commentary by Corte and Byers, p. 16. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1
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Double mutation of KRAS and LKB1 genes in lung cancer results in failure to respond to immune checkpoint blockade.
“Double mutation of KRAS and LKB1 genes in lung cancer resulted in failure to respond to immune checkpoint blockade.80”
From Cellular senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype via the cGAS-STING signaling pathway in cancer (2020) · cites this paper as [80]
STING is silenced in STK11-deficient tumors, which contributes to their low immunogenicity.
“For example, it has been observed that STING is silenced in STK11-deficient tumors, which contributes to their low immunogenicity (12, 13).”
From TNG260 Is a Small-Molecule CoREST Inhibitor That Sensitizes <i>STK11</i> -Mutant Tumors to Anti–PD-1 Immunotherapy (2025) · cites this paper as [12]
Tumor cell-intrinsic STING activity is an important contributor to antitumor immune responses.
“recent studies have provided compelling evidence that tumor cell-intrinsic STING activity is also an important contributor34–36.”
From Epigenetic state determines the in vivo efficacy of STING agonist therapy (2023) · cites this paper as [35]
The ability to target and restore STING signaling in tumor cells using epigenetic modulators provides a rationale to explore whether epigenetic reprogramming of tumor cell-intrinsic STING activity can improve the therapeutic efficacy of STING agonists.
“Despite this common suppression, the ability to target and restore STING signaling in tumor cells using epigenetic modulators35,37 provides a rationale to explore whether epigenetic reprogramming of tumor cell-intrinsic STING activity can improve the therapeutic efficacy of STING agonists.”
From Epigenetic state determines the in vivo efficacy of STING agonist therapy (2023) · cites this paper as [35]
STK11/LKB1 alterations are a major driver of primary resistance to PD-1 blockade in KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma.
“STK11/LKB1 alterations have been described as a major driver of primary resistance to PD-1 blockade in KRAS-mutant lung adenocarcinoma (31, 35).”
From New Horizons in KRAS-Mutant Lung Cancer: Dawn After Darkness (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
Co-occurring genomic changes profoundly affect biological behaviors, clinical outcomes, and therapeutic vulnerabilities of KRAS-mutant cancers.
“Compelling evidence showed that co-occurring genomic changes could profoundly affect biological behaviors (29–31), clinical outcomes (32), and therapeutic vulnerabilities of KRAS-mutant cancers (33, 34).”
From New Horizons in KRAS-Mutant Lung Cancer: Dawn After Darkness (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
Co-occurring genetic mutations can lead to differential downstream effectors engaged by mutant KRAS and have been reported to significantly affect tumor immune signatures and responses to immunotherapy.
“Co-occurring genetic mutations, which can lead to differential downstream effectors engaged by mutant KRAS, have been reported to significantly affect the tumor immune signatures (25, 29, 31, 35) and responses to immunotherapy (30).”
From New Horizons in KRAS-Mutant Lung Cancer: Dawn After Darkness (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
Increased MYC expression is observed following LKB1 loss.
“Increased expression of MYC has also been observed following LKB1 loss137”
From Co-occurring genomic alterations in non-small-cell lung cancer biology and therapy (2019) · cites this paper as [137]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Kitajima, S., Ivanova, E., Guo, S., Yoshida, R., Campisi, M., Sundararaman, S. K., Tange, S., Mitsuishi, Y., Thai, T. C., Masuda, S., Piel, B. P., Sholl, L. M., Kirschmeier, P. T., Paweletz, C. P., Watanabe, H., Yajima, M., & Barbie, D. A.
- Affiliations
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (US)
- Politecnico di Torino (IT)
- Tokushima University (JP)
- Juntendo University (JP)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Tisch Cancer Institute (US)
- Brown University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Barbie, David A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cancer Discovery
- Published
- 2019-01-01
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 34-45
- ISSN
- 2159-8274 (ISSN-L)
- 2159-8290
- PMC
- PMC6328329
- OpenAlex
- W2895058922
- Cited by
- 526
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 81 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 22
- FWCI
- 16.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Cancer Discovery (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- PORTO@Iris (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- HHS | NIH | National Cancer Institute (NCI) (NCI-R01 CA190394-02, NIH-U01 CA2143A1-01)
- American Association for Cancer Research (AACR) (SU2C-AACR-DT17-1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › interferon and immune responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Lung Cancer Treatments and Mutations
- Keywords
- STING, LKB1, KRAS-mutant lung cancer, immune checkpoint inhibitor resistance, cytosolic DNA sensing, DNMT1, EZH2, S-adenosylmethionine, TBK1, mitochondrial dysfunction, mitochondrial DNA, immune evasion, p53 inactivation, STK11
- MeSH terms
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases, STING Protein, Adenocarcinoma, Humans, Lung Neoplasms, Membrane Proteins, Mutation, Signal Transduction, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras), Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Gene Deletion, Cell Line, Tumor, STAT1 Transcription Factor, Interferon Regulatory Factor-3
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