STING: infection, inflammation and cancer.

Barber, Glen N.

doi:10.1038/nri3921

Cited by 1,313interferon and immune responsesImmune Response and InflammationImmunotherapy and Immune Responses

STING: infection, inflammation and cancer.

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Barber, Glen N.·2015·Nature Reviews Immunology

DOI 10.1038/nri3921PMC PMC5004891

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Abstract

The rapid detection of microbial agents is essential for the effective initiation of host defence mechanisms against infection. Understanding how cells detect cytosolic DNA to trigger innate immune gene transcription has important implications - not only for comprehending the immune response to pathogens but also for elucidating the causes of autoinflammatory disease involving the sensing of self-DNA and the generation of effective antitumour adaptive immunity. The discovery of the STING (stimulator of interferon genes)-controlled innate immune pathway, which mediates cytosolic DNA-induced signalling events, has recently provided important insights into these processes, opening the way for the development of novel immunization regimes, as well as therapies to treat autoinflammatory disease and cancer.

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IKK activates NF-κB to induce expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-8.
“IKK activates transcription factor NF-κB to induce expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-8 (Barber, 2015; Sun et al., 2018; Loo et al., 2020).”
From Mechanisms of Cellular Senescence: Cell Cycle Arrest and Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype (2021) · cites this paper as Barber, 2015

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The ER-Associated Protein ZDHHC1 Is a Positive Regulator of DNA Virus-Triggered, MITA/STING-Dependent Innate Immune Signaling
Zhou, Q., Lin, H., Wang, S., Wang, S., Ran, Y., Liu, Y., Ye, W., Xiong, X., Zhong, B., Shu, H., et al. (2014) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2014.09.006 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Cell-free Tumor Microparticle Vaccines Stimulate Dendritic Cells via cGAS/STING Signaling
Zhang, Y., Tang, K., Zhang, Y., Ma, R., Ma, J., Li, Y., Luo, S., Liang, X., Ji, T., Gu, Z., et al. (2014) · Cancer Immunology Research · doi:10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0177 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Diverse roles of STING-dependent signaling on the development of cancer
Ahn, J., Konno, H., & Barber, G. N. (2015) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2014.457 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citation
Self-DNA, STING-dependent signaling and the origins of autoinflammatory disease
Ahn, J., & Barber, G. N. (2014) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2014.10.009 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citation
STING-Dependent Type I IFN Production Inhibits Cell-Mediated Immunity to Listeria monocytogenes
Archer, K. A., Durack, J., & Portnoy, D. A. (2014) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1003861 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
DNase 1 and systemic lupus erythematosus
Valle, F. M., Balada, E., Ordi‐Ros, J., et al. (2008) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2008.02.002 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Identification and characterization of a loss-of-function human MPYS variant
Jin, L., Xu, L., Yang, I. V., Davidson, E. J., Schwartz, D. A., Wurfel, M. M., & Cambier, J. C. (2011) · Genes and Immunity · doi:10.1038/gene.2010.75 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
mtDNA makes a U-turn for the mitochondrial nucleoid
Kukat, C., & Larsson, N. (2013) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2013.04.009 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Innate Immune Cells in Inflammation and Cancer
Nowarski, R., Gagliani, N., Huber, S., & Flavell, R. A. (2013) · Cancer Immunology Research · doi:10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0081 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
How Viruses Use the Endoplasmic Reticulum for Entry, Replication, and AssemblyPreprint
Inoue, T., & Tsai, B. (2013) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a013250 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Stimulator of IFN Gene Is Critical for Induction of IFN-β during Chlamydia muridarum Infection
Prantner, D., Darville, T. L., & Nagarajan, U. M. (2010) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0903704 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
HSV-1 degrades, stabilizes, requires, or is stung by STING depending on ICP0, the US3 protein kinase, and cell derivation
Kalamvoki, M., & Roizman, B. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1323414111 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
STING activator c-di-GMP enhances the anti-tumor effects of peptide vaccines in melanoma-bearing mice
Wang, Z., & Celis, E. (2015) · Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy · doi:10.1007/s00262-015-1713-5 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
MyD88 and its divergent toll in carcinogenesis
Salcedo, R., Cataisson, C., Hasan, U. A., Yuspa, S. H., & Trinchieri, G. (2013) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2013.03.008 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
E2 Proteins of High Risk Human Papillomaviruses Down-Modulate STING and IFN-κ Transcription in Keratinocytes
Sunthamala, N., Thierry, F., Teissier, S., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0091473 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Activation of the STING Adaptor Attenuates Experimental Autoimmune Encephalitis
Lemos, H. D. P., Huang, L., Chandler, P., Mohamed, E. T., de Souza, G. R., Li, L., Pacholczyk, G. A., Barber, G. N., Hayakawa, Y., Munn, D. H., et al. (2014) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1303258 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citation
Message in a bottle: lessons learned from antagonism of STING signalling during RNA virus infection
Maringer, K., & Fernández-Sesma, A. (2014) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.08.004 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Assessment of Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Lymphocytes of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Perl, A., Hanczko, R., & Doherty, E. H. (2012) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-720-4_4 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Inflammatory clearance of apoptotic remnants in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Janko, C., Schorn, C., Grossmayer, G. E., Frey, B., i, M. H., Gaipl, U. S., & Munoz, L. E. (2008) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2008.07.015 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Primate-specific miR-576-3p sets host defense signalling threshold
Yarbrough, M. L., Zhang, K., Sakthivel, R., Forst, C. V., Posner, B. A., Barber, G. N., White, M. A., & Fontoura, B. M. A. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms5963 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Exonuclease Trex1 Restrains Macrophage Proinflammatory Activation
Pereira‐Lopes, S., Celhar, T., Sans-Fons, G., Serra, M., Fairhurst, A., Lloberas, J., & Celada, A. (2013) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1301603 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
OASes and STING: Adaptive Evolution in Concert
Mozzi, A., Pontremoli, C., Forni, D., Clerici, M., Pozzoli, U., Bresolin, N., Cagliani, R., & Sironi, M. (2015) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evv046 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Age-Enhanced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Contributes to Increased Atg9A Inhibition of STING-Mediated IFN-β Production during Streptococcus pneumoniae Infection
Mitzel, D., Lowry, V. K., Shirali, A. C., Liu, Y., & Stout-Delgado, H. W. (2014) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1303090 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Innate Recognition of Alphaherpesvirus DNA
Luecke, S., & Paludan, S. R. (2015) · Advances in virus research · doi:10.1016/bs.aivir.2014.11.003 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Autoinflammation by Endogenous DNA
Nagata, S., & Kawane, K. (2011) · Advances in immunology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-387663-8.00004-1 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Sensing and responding to cytosolic viruses invasions: An orchestra of kaleidoscopic ubiquitinations
Liu, X., Wang, Q., Pan, Y., et al. (2015) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.03.001 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Protective role of STING against gliomagenesis: Rational use of STING agonist in anti-glioma immunotherapy
Ohkuri, T., Ghosh, A., Kosaka, A., et al. (2015) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.1080/2162402x.2014.999523 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
STING, nanoparticles, autoimmune disease and cancer: a novel paradigm for immunotherapy?
Lemos, H. D. P., Huang, L., McGaha, T. L., & Mellor, A. L. (2014) · Expert Review of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1586/1744666x.2015.995097 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Genetic variation in Trex1 affects HIV-1 disease progression
Booiman, T., Setiawan, L. C., & Kootstra, N. A. (2014) · AIDS · doi:10.1097/qad.0000000000000436 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

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cGAS surveillance of micronuclei links genome instability to innate immunity
Mackenzie, K. J., Carroll, P., Martin, C.-A., Murina, O., Fluteau, A., Simpson, D. J., Olova, N., Sutcliffe, H., Rainger, J. K., Leitch, A., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature23449 · Cited by 1,752 · see citing works
Mechanisms of Cellular Senescence: Cell Cycle Arrest and Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype
Kumari, R., & Jat, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.645593 · Cited by 1,622 · see citing works
The Cytosolic DNA-Sensing cGAS–STING Pathway in Cancer
Kwon, J., & Bakhoum, S. F. (2020) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-0761 · Cited by 1,293 · see citing works
Cytoplasmic chromatin triggers inflammation in senescence and cancer
Dou, Z., Ghosh, K., Vizioli, M. G., Zhu, J., Sen, P., Wangensteen, K. J., Simithy, J., Lan, Y., Lin, Y., Zhou, Z., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature24050 · Cited by 1,335 · see citing works
Self-citation
Innate immune sensing of cytosolic chromatin fragments through cGAS promotes senescence
Glück, S., Guey, B., Gulen, M. F., Wolter, K., Kang, T.-W., Schmacke, N. A., Bridgeman, A., Rehwinkel, J., Zender, L., & Ablasser, A. (2017) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb3586 · Cited by 1,196 · see citing works
“Upon activation, cGAS synthesizes the second messenger molecule 2`3`cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), which engages STING, thereby leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and type I interferons (IFNs) 19 20 21 22, 23 24 25.”
Targeting STING with covalent small-molecule inhibitors
Haag, S. M., Gulen, M. F., Reymond, L., Gibelin, A., Abrami, L., Decout, A., Heymann, M., van der Goot, F. G., Turcatti, G., Behrendt, R., et al. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0287-8 · Cited by 1,178 · see citing works
Mitochondrial DNA in innate immune responses and inflammatory pathology
West, A. P., & Shadel, G. S. (2017) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2017.21 · Cited by 1,115 · see citing works
Targeting DNA damage response promotes antitumor immunity through STING-mediated T-cell activation in small cell lung cancer
Sen, T., Rodriguez, B. L., Chen, L., Corte, C. M. D., Morikawa, N., Fujimoto, J., Cristea, S., Nguyen, T., Diao, L., Li, L., et al. (2019) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-1020 · Cited by 902 · see citing works
Oxidized DNA fragments exit mitochondria via mPTP- and VDAC-dependent channels to activate NLRP3 inflammasome and interferon signaling
Xian, H., Watari, K., Sanchez-Lopez, E., Offenberger, J., Onyuru, J., Sampath, H., Ying, W., Hoffman, H. M., Shadel, G. S., & Karin, M. (2022) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2022.06.007 · Cited by 850 · see citing works
The role of myeloid cells in cancer therapies
Engblom, C., Pfirschke, C., & Pittet, M. J. (2016) · Nature Reviews Cancer · doi:10.1038/nrc.2016.54 · Cited by 788 · see citing works
Delivery of mRNA vaccines with heterocyclic lipids increases anti-tumor efficacy by STING-mediated immune cell activation
Miao, L., Li, L., Huang, Y., Delcassian, D., Chahal, J., Han, J., Shi, Y., Sadtler, K., Gao, W., Lin, J., et al. (2019) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/s41587-019-0247-3 · Cited by 723 · see citing works
cGAS-STING, an important pathway in cancer immunotherapy
Jiang, M., Chen, P., Wang, L., Li, W., Chen, B., Liu, Y., Wang, H., Zhao, S., Ye, L., He, Y., et al. (2020) · Journal of Hematology & Oncology · doi:10.1186/s13045-020-00916-z · Cited by 647 · see citing works
Mitochondrial Damage Causes Inflammation via cGAS-STING Signaling in Acute Kidney Injury
Maekawa, H., Inoue, T., Ouchi, H., Jao, T.-M., Inoue, R., Nishi, H., Fujii, R., Ishidate, F., Tanaka, T., Tanaka, Y., et al. (2019) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2019.09.050 · Cited by 586 · see citing works
PARP inhibition elicits STING-dependent antitumor immunity in brca1-deficient ovarian cancer
Ding, L., Kim, H.-J., Wang, Q., Kearns, M., Jiang, T., Ohlson, C. E., Li, B. B., Xie, S., Liu, J. F., Stover, E. H., et al. (2018) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.11.054 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
“The cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway plays a vital role not only in protecting the cell against a variety of pathogens but also in the antitumor immune responses in cancers (Barber, 2015; Li and Chen, 2018).”
Background
Suppression of STING Associated with LKB1 Loss in KRAS-Driven Lung Cancer
Kitajima, S., Ivanova, E., Guo, S., Yoshida, R., Campisi, M., Sundararaman, S. K., Tange, S., Mitsuishi, Y., Thai, T. C., Masuda, S., et al. (2019) · Cancer Discovery · doi:10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-0689 · Cited by 526 · see citing works
cGAS senses long and HMGB/TFAM-bound U-turn DNA by forming protein-DNA ladders
Andreeva, L., Hiller, B., Kostrewa, D., Lässig, C., de Oliveira Mann, C. C., Jan Drexler, D., Maiser, A., Gaidt, M., Leonhardt, H., Hornung, V., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature23890 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
Senescent cell clearance by the immune system: Emerging therapeutic opportunities
Prata, L. G. P. L., Ovsyannikova, I. G., Tchkonia, T., & Kirkland, J. L. (2018) · Seminars in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.smim.2019.04.003 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
STING: a master regulator in the cancer-immunity cycle
Zhu, Y., An, X., Zhang, X., Qiao, Y., Zheng, T., & Li, X. (2019) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-019-1087-y · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Activating cGAS-STING pathway for the optimal effect of cancer immunotherapy
Li, A., Yi, M., Qin, S., Song, Y., Chu, Q., & Wu, K. (2019) · Journal of Hematology & Oncology · doi:10.1186/s13045-019-0721-x · Cited by 413 · see citing works
Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and Innate Immunity
Chen, Y., Zhou, Z., & Min, W. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01487 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
“…infection, it is also essential to orchestrate type I interferon (IFN) and proinflammatory responses to self-DNA, driving type I IFN induction and ultimately resulting in autoimmune responses as well as antitumor immunity (Barber, 2015; Crow and Manel, 2015; Gray et al., 2015; Roers et al., 2016).”
Background
cGAS-STING–mediated DNA sensing maintains CD8 <sup>+</sup> T cell stemness and promotes antitumor T cell therapy
Li, W., Lu, L., Lu, J., Wang, X., Yang, C., Jin, J., Wu, L., Hong, X., Li, F., Cao, D., et al. (2020) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aay9013 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Trial watch: STING agonists in cancer therapy
Le Naour, J., Zitvogel, L., Galluzzi, L., Vacchelli, E., & Kroemer, G. (2020) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.1080/2162402x.2020.1777624 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Niraparib activates interferon signaling and potentiates anti-PD-1 antibody efficacy in tumor models
Wang, Z., Sun, K., Xiao, Y., Feng, B., Mikule, K., Ma, X., Feng, N., Vellano, C. P., Federico, L., Marszalek, J. R., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-38534-6 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Trial watch: TLR3 agonists in cancer therapy
Le Naour, J., Galluzzi, L., Zitvogel, L., Kroemer, G., & Vacchelli, E. (2020) · OncoImmunology · doi:10.1080/2162402x.2020.1771143 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
ATR inhibitor AZD6738 enhances the antitumor activity of radiotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors by potentiating the tumor immune microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma
Sheng, H., Huang, Y., Xiao, Y., Zhu, Z., Shen, M., Zhou, P., Guo, Z., Wang, J., Wang, H., Dai, W., et al. (2020) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2019-000340 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Role of the cGAS–STING pathway in cancer development and oncotherapeutic approaches
Khoo, L. T., & Chen, L. (2018) · The EMBO Reports · doi:10.15252/embr.201846935 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Absence of RNase H2 triggers generation of immunogenic micronuclei removed by autophagy
Bartsch, K., Knittler, K., Borowski, C., Rudnik, S., Damme, M., Aden, K., Spehlmann, M. E., Frey, N., Saftig, P., Chalaris, A., et al. (2017) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddx283 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Senescence in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration
Blasiak, J. (2020) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-019-03420-x · Cited by 183 · see citing works
ATG16L1 orchestrates interleukin-22 signaling in the intestinal epithelium via cGAS–STING
Aden, K., Tran, F., Ito, G., Sheibani-Tezerji, R., Lipinski, S., Kuiper, J. W., Tschurtschenthaler, M., Saveljeva, S., Bhattacharyya, J., Häsler, R., et al. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20171029 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Activation of the STING-Dependent Type I Interferon Response Reduces Microglial Reactivity and Neuroinflammation
Mathur, V., Burai, R., Vest, R. T., Bonanno, L. N., Lehallier, B., Zardeneta, M. E., Mistry, K. N., Do, D., Marsh, S. E., Abud, E. M., et al. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.032 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Accumulation of Cytoplasmic DNA Due to ATM Deficiency Activates the Microglial Viral Response System with Neurotoxic Consequences
Song, X., Ma, F., & Herrup, K. (2019) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0774-19.2019 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Prospects for combining immune checkpoint blockade with PARP inhibition
Li, A., Yi, M., Qin, S., Chu, Q., Luo, S., & Wu, K. (2019) · Journal of Hematology & Oncology · doi:10.1186/s13045-019-0784-8 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“CDN is a second messenger which promotes the conformational change of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) [99].”
Background
PARP1 inhibitors trigger innate immunity via PARP1 trapping-induced DNA damage response
Kim, C., Wang, X.-D., & Yu, Y. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.60637 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
cGAS/STING Pathway Activation Contributes to Delayed Neurodegeneration in Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia Rat Model: Possible Involvement of LINE-1
Gamdzyk, M., Doycheva, D. M., Araujo, C., Ocak, U., Luo, Y., Tang, J., & Zhang, J. H. (2020) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-020-01904-7 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Mitophagy and cGAS–STING crosstalk in neuroinflammation
Zhou, X., Wang, J., Yu, L., Qiao, G., Qin, D., Yuen-Kwan Law, B., Ren, F., Wu, J., & Wu, A. (2024) · Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B · doi:10.1016/j.apsb.2024.05.012 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Hepatic senescence, the good and the bad
Huda, N., Liu, G., Hong, H., Yan, S., Khambu, B., & Yin, X.-M. (2019) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v25.i34.5069 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Inhibition of the cGAS-STING pathway ameliorates the premature senescence hallmarks of Ataxia-Telangiectasia brain organoids
Aguado, J., Chaggar, H. K., Gómez‐Inclán, C., Shaker, M. R., Leeson, H. C., Mackay‐Sim, A., & Wolvetang, E. J. (2021) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13468 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Type I interferons and endoplasmic reticulum stress in health and disease
(2020) · International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.10.004 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Short-term gain, long-term pain: the senescence life cycle and cancer
Chan, A. S. L., & Narita, M. (2019) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.320937.118 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Transcription‐independent Regulation of STING Activation and Innate Immune Responses by IRF8 in Monocytes
Luo, W.-W., Tong, Z., Cao, P., Wang, F.-B., Liu, Y., Zheng, Z.-Q., Wang, S.-Y., Li, S., & Wang, Y.-Y. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32401-1 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Macrophage STING signaling promotes fibrosis in benign airway stenosis via an IL6-STAT3 pathway
Chen, Y., Yang, C., Miao, Y., Shi, D., Li, X., Tian, S., Zhang, Y., Xu, C., Dong, Y., Han, C., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-55170-5 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Mitochondrial DNA and Exercise: Implications for Health and Injuries in Sports
Zanini, G., De Gaetano, A., Selleri, V., Savino, G., Cossarizza, A., Pinti, M., Mattioli, A. V., & Nasi, M. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10102575 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
High Concentration Hydrogen Protects Sepsis‐Associated Encephalopathy by Enhancing Pink1/Parkin‐Mediated Mitophagy and Inhibiting <scp>cGAS</scp> ‐ <scp>STING</scp> ‐ <scp>IRF3</scp> Pathway
Cui, Y., Liu, J., Song, Y., Chen, C., Shen, Y., & Xie, K. (2025) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.70305 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

In vitro STING Activation with the cGAMP-STINGΔTM Signaling Complex
He, Y., Hong, C., Irvine, D. J., et al. (2021) · BIO-PROTOCOL · doi:10.21769/bioprotoc.3905 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
STING inhibitors target the cyclic dinucleotide binding pocket
Hong, Z., Mei, J., Li, C., Bai, G., Maimaiti, M., Hu, H., Yu, W., Sun, L., Zhang, L., Cheng, D., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2105465118 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
PDE-stable 2′3′-cGAMP analogues, containing 5′-S-phosphorothioester linkage, as STING agonists
Yeboah, S. K., & Sintim, H. O. (2024) · RSC Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d3md00593c · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Prolonged activation of innate immune pathways by a polyvalent STING agonist
Li, S., Luo, M., Wang, Z., Feng, Q., Wilhelm, J., Wang, X., Li, W., Wang, J., Cholka, A., Fu, Y., et al. (2021) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-020-00675-9 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
STING agonists in cancer immunotherapy: a brief review
Ceci, M., Trerotola, M., & Iezzi, M. (2023) · Italian Journal of Anatomy and Embryology · doi:10.36253/ijae-14710

Authors: Barber, G. N.
Affiliations: University of Miami (US)
Corresponding author: Barber, Glen N.
ORCID: Barber, Glen N.
Venue: Nature Reviews Immunology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2015-11-25
Volume: 15
Issue: 12
Pages: 760-770
ISSN: 1474-1733 (ISSN-L)
1474-1741
DOI: 10.1038/nri3921
PMC: PMC5004891
OpenAlex: W2237797200
Cited by: 1,313
References: 106
Citations by year: 2026: 84 · 2025: 155 · 2024: 160 · 2023: 167 · 2022: 156 · 2021: 178 · 2020: 140 · 2019: 88 · 2018: 84 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 29
FWCI: 5.80
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/text-and-data-mining (vor)
Locations: Nature reviews. Immunology (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Cancer Institute (R01CA194404)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI079336, P30AI073961)
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › interferon and immune responses
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immunotherapy and Immune Responses
Keywords: STING, cytosolic DNA sensing, cyclic dinucleotides, innate immune signaling, interferon genes, autoinflammatory disease, antitumor immunity, infection, inflammation, cancer immunotherapy
MeSH terms: STING Protein, Bacterial Infections, DNA Damage, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Inflammation, Membrane Proteins, Neoplasms, Virus Diseases, Signal Transduction, Models, Immunological

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