The Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Program on the Mental Health of Family Caregivers: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Abstract
Background: Caregivers of people with chronic conditions are more likely than non-caregivers to have depression and emotional problems. Few studies have examined the effectiveness of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) in improving their mental well-being. Methods: Caregivers of persons with chronic conditions who scored 7 or above in the Caregiver Strain Index were randomly assigned to the 8-week MBSR group (n = 70) or the self-help control group (n = 71). Validated instruments were used to assess the changes in depressive and anxiety symptoms, quality of life, self-efficacy, self-compassion and mindfulness. Assessments were conducted at baseline, post-intervention and at the 3-month follow-up. Results: Compared to the participants in the control group, participants in the MBSR group had a significantly greater decrease in depressive symptoms at post-intervention and at 3 months post-intervention (p < 0.01). The improvement in state anxiety symptoms was significantly greater among participants in the MBSR group than those of the control group at post-intervention (p = 0.007), although this difference was not statistically significant at 3 months post-intervention (p = 0.084). There was also a statistically significant larger increase in self-efficacy (controlling negative thoughts; p = 0.041) and mindfulness (p = 0.001) among participants in the MBSR group at the 3-month follow-up compared to the participants in the control group. No statistically significant group effects (MBSR vs. control) were found in perceived stress, quality of life or self-compassion. Conclusions: MBSR appears to be a feasible and acceptable intervention to improve mental health among family caregivers with significant care burden, although further studies that include an active control group are needed to make the findings more conclusive.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The sample size calculation is based on a previous study of an MBI for caregivers, in which an effect size of 0.64 in depression [25], with an estimation of an effect size of 0.14 for Arm 3.
“The sample size calculation is based on a previous study of an MBI for caregivers, in which an effect size of 0.64 in depression [25], with an estimation of an effect size of 0.14 for Arm 3.”
From Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Caregivers of Frail Older Chinese Adults: A Study Protocol (2022) · cites this paper as [25]
The Effects on primary outcome measure section reports that MBSR reduced depressive symptoms among family caregivers compared with a control group. However, the cited paper does not report a depression effect size of 0.64; its Sample size calculation section gives group means and standard deviations instead. The Arm 3 estimate appears to be the citing authors’ own assumption, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn three of these studies (Armstrong and Rimes 2016; Hou et al. 2014; Kuyken et al. 2010), the control condition was not closely matched to the intervention in duration of social contact.
“In three of these (Armstrong and Rimes 2016; Hou et al. 2014; Kuyken et al. 2010), the control condition was not closely matched to the intervention in duration of social contact.”
From Effectiveness of Self-Compassion Related Therapies: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as Hou et al. 2014
Three studies were of high methodological quality.
“Three studies 54,56,65 were of high methodological quality.”
A larger improvement in self-efficacy was found in MBSR group at 3-month follow-up.
“a larger improvement in self-efficacy was found in MBSR group at 3-month follow-up.”
From Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Caregivers of Frail Older Chinese Adults: A Study Protocol (2022) · cites this paper as [25]
MBSR participants had greater decreases in depressive symptoms at post-intervention and 3-month follow-up than those of the control group.
“MBSR participants had greater decreases in depressive symptoms at post-intervention and 3-month follow-up than those of the control group”
From Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Caregivers of Frail Older Chinese Adults: A Study Protocol (2022) · cites this paper as [25]
In a large trial, 141 Chinese informal caregivers were randomized into an MBSR or a self-help control group.
“In a large trial, 141 Chinese informal caregivers were randomized into an MBSR or a self-help control group [25].”
From Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Caregivers of Frail Older Chinese Adults: A Study Protocol (2022) · cites this paper as [25]
An estimation of a drop-out rate of 15% is based on two local studies of mindfulness-based intervention [25,47].
“An estimation of a drop-out rate of 15% is based on two local studies of mindfulness-based intervention [25,47].”
From Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Caregivers of Frail Older Chinese Adults: A Study Protocol (2022) · cites this paper as [25]
A trial of MBSR in Hong Kong found improvements in self-efficacy at post-intervention follow-up for mixed caregivers.
“A trial of MBSR in Hong Kong mentioned earlier [25] found improvements in self-efficacy at post-intervention follow-up for mixed caregivers.”
From Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Caregivers of Frail Older Chinese Adults: A Study Protocol (2022) · cites this paper as [25]
That RCT found no effects on stress, quality of life, or self-compassion.
“However, no effects were found on stress, quality of life, or self-compassion.”
From Mindfulness Training for People With Dementia and Their Caregivers: Rationale, Current Research, and Future Directions (2018) · cites this paper as Hou et al., 2014
That RCT also showed improvement in anxiety, self-efficacy, and mindfulness.
“Moreover, an improvement in anxiety, self-efficacy, and mindfulness were found.”
From Mindfulness Training for People With Dementia and Their Caregivers: Rationale, Current Research, and Future Directions (2018) · cites this paper as Hou et al., 2014
One RCT on caregivers of patients with chronic conditions showed an improvement on depression compared to an active control.
“One RCT on caregivers of patients with chronic conditions showed an improvement on depression, which was the primary outcome, compared to an active control (Hou et al., 2014).”
From Mindfulness Training for People With Dementia and Their Caregivers: Rationale, Current Research, and Future Directions (2018) · cites this paper as Hou et al., 2014
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267 · see citing works
A Global Measure of Perceived Stress
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136404 · Cited by 32,807 · see citing works
(1970) · Cited by 24,983 · see citing works
Assessment of Older People: Self-Maintaining and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living
Lawton, M. P., & Brody, E. M. (1969) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/9.3_part_1.179 · Cited by 18,540 · see citing works
Using Self-Report Assessment Methods to Explore Facets of Mindfulness
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191105283504 · Cited by 7,511 · see citing works
(2008) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,477 · see citing works
The Development and Validation of a Scale to Measure Self-Compassion
NEFF, K. D. (2003) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298860309027 · Cited by 6,436 · see citing works
Psychometric Characteristics of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support
Zimet, G. D., Powell, S. S., Farley, G. K., Werkman, S., & Berkoff, K. A. (1990) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.1990.9674095 · Cited by 4,855 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits
Grossman, P., Niemann, L., Schmidt, S., & Walach, H. (2004) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(03)00573-7 · Cited by 3,958 · see citing works
A simple method to assess exercise behavior in the community.
Godin, G., & Shephard, R. J. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 3,759 · see citing works
Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the Self-Compassion Scale
Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.702 · Cited by 2,997 · see citing works
Katz, S. (1963) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1963.03060120024016 · Cited by 2,421 · see citing works
Carmody, J., & Baer, R. A. (2008) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-007-9130-7 · Cited by 1,823 · see citing works
Chiesa, A., & Serretti, A. (2009) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2008.0495 · Cited by 1,681 · see citing works
Validation of a Caregiver Strain Index
Robinson, B. C. (1983) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/38.3.344 · Cited by 1,426 · see citing works
Attending to the present: mindfulness meditation reveals distinct neural modes of self-reference
Farb, N. A. S., Segal, Z. V., Mayberg, H., Bean, J., McKeon, D., Fatima, Z., & Anderson, A. K. (2007) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsm030 · Cited by 1,307 · see citing works
Beekman, A. T. F., Deeg, D. J. H., van Limbeek, J., Braam, A. W., VRIES, M. Z. D., & van Tilburg, W. (1997) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291796003510 · Cited by 1,135 · see citing works
Shapiro, S. L., Brown, K. W., & Biegel, G. M. (2007) · Training and Education in Professional Psychology · doi:10.1037/1931-3918.1.2.105 · Cited by 1,134 · see citing works
How Effective Are Interventions With Caregivers? An Updated Meta-Analysis
Sörensen, S., Pinquart, M., & Duberstein, P. R. (2002) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/42.3.356 · Cited by 1,129 · see citing works
Physical Activity Reduces the Risk of Subsequent Depression for Older Adults
Strawbridge, W. J. (2002) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwf047 · Cited by 818 · see citing works
Stress reduction correlates with structural changes in the amygdala
Hölzel, B. K., Carmody, J., Evans, K. C., Hoge, E. A., Dusek, J. A., Morgan, L., Pitman, R. K., & Lazar, S. W. (2010) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsp034 · Cited by 603 · see citing works
Covinsky, K. E., Newcomer, R. J., Fox, P., Wood, J., Sands, L. P., Dane, K., & Yaffe, K. S. (2003) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2003.30103.x · Cited by 563 · see citing works
Leung, D. Y., Lam, T.-H., & Chan, S. S. (2010) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/1471-2458-10-513 · Cited by 562 · see citing works
Is the standard SF-12 Health Survey valid and equivalent for a Chinese population?
Lam, C. L. K., Tse, E. Y. Y., & Gandek, B. (2005) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-004-0704-3 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Nyklíček, I., & Kuijpers, K. F. (2008) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-008-9030-2 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Lengacher, C. A., Johnson‐Mallard, V., Post‐White, J., Moscoso, M. S., Jacobsen, P. B., Klein, T. W., Widen, R. H., Fitzgerald, S. G., Shelton, M. M., Barta, M., et al. (2009) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.1529 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Chou, K.-L. (2000) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(99)00098-7 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
The Revised Scale for Caregiving Self-Efficacy: Reliability and Validity Studies
Steffen, A. M., McKibbin, C. L., Zeiss, A. M., Gallagher-Thompson, D. E., & Bandura, A. (2002) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/57.1.p74 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Burden and Depression Among Caregivers of Patients With Cancer at the End of Life
Given, B. A., Wyatt, G. K., Given, C. W., Sherwood, P. R., Gift, A. G., DeVoss, D. N., & Rahbar, M. H. (2004) · Oncology nursing forum · doi:10.1188/04.onf.1105-1117 · Cited by 487 · see citing works
Dementia Caregiver Intervention Research
Schulz, R., O'Brien, A., Czaja, S. J., Ory, M. G., Norris, R., Martire, L. M., Belle, S. H., Burgio, L., Gitlin, L. N., Coon, D. W., et al. (2002) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/42.5.589 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
The Effects of Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction on Nurse Stress and Burnout
Cohen-Katz, J., Wiley, S. D., Capuano, T. A., Baker, D. M., & Shapiro, S. L. (2004) · Holistic Nursing Practice · doi:10.1097/00004650-200411000-00006 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Vøllestad, J., Sivertsen, B., & Nielsen, G. H. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.01.007 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Daubenmier, J., Kristeller, J., Hecht, F. M., Maninger, N., Kuwata, M., Jhaveri, K., Lustig, R. H., Kemeny, M., Karan, L., & Epel, E. (2011) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2011/651936 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Bränström, R., Kvillemo, P., Brandberg, Y., & Moskowitz, J. T. (2010) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9168-6 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Reliability and factorial structure of the Chinese version of the state-trait anxiety inventory.
Shek, D. T. L. (1988) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/bf00960624 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Pilot Controlled Trial of Mindfulness Meditation and Education for Dementia Caregivers
Oken, B. S., Fonareva, I., Haas, M., Wahbeh, H., Lane, J. B., Zajdel, D., & Amen, A. (2010) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2009.0733 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Ho, S. C., Chan, A., Woo, J., Chong, P., & Sham, A. (2009) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/glp034 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Mindfulness training for coping with hot flashes: results of a randomized trial
Carmody, J. F., Crawford, S., Salmoirago-Blotcher, E., Leung, K., Churchill, L., & Olendzki, N. (2011) · Menopause · doi:10.1097/gme.0b013e318204a05c · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Minor, H. G., Carlson, L. E., Mackenzie, M. J., Zernicke, K., & Jones, L. (2006) · Social Work in Health Care · doi:10.1300/j010v43n01_06 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Joling, K. J., van Hout, H. P. J., Schellevis, F., van der Horst, H. E., Scheltens, P., Knol, D. L., & van Marwijk, H. (2010) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e3181bf9f0f · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Social support and well-being in dementia family caregivers: The mediating role of self-efficacy
Au, A. M. L., Lai, M.-K., Lau, K.-M., Pan, P.-C., LAM, L. C. W., Thompson, L. W., & Gallagher-Thompson, D. E. (2009) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607860902918223 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Clinimetrics and Clinical Psychometrics: Macro- and Micro-Analysis
Tomba, E., & Bech, P. (2012) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000341757 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Mindful staff increase learning and reduce aggression in adults with developmental disabilities
Singh, N. N., Lancioni, G. E., Winton, A. S. W., Curtis, W. J., Wahler, R. G., Sabaawi, M., Singh, J., & McAleavey, K. (2005) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2005.07.002 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
The Unifying Concept of Illness Behavior
Sirri, L., Fava, G. A., & Sonino, N. (2013) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000343508 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
A systematic review of intervention studies about anxiety in caregivers of people with dementia
Cooper, C., Balamurali, T. B. S., Selwood, A., & Livingston, G. (2007) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.1656 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Evidence-Based Caregiver Interventions in Geriatric Psychiatry
Schulz, R., Martire, L. M., & Klinger, J. (2005) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2005.09.003 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
The association between social support and course of depression: Is it confounded with personality?
Lara, M. E., Leader, J. B., & Klein, D. N. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.106.3.478 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Houtven, C. H. V., Voils, C. I., & Weinberger, M. (2011) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2318-11-77 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Effect of neuropsychiatric symptoms of Alzheimer's disease on Chinese and American caregivers
Pang, F. C., Chow, T. W., Cummings, J. L., Leung, V., Chiu, H. F. K., Lam, L. C. W., Chen, Q. L., Tai, C., Chen, L. W., Wang, S., et al. (2002) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.510 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Keefe, J. M., & Fancey, P. (2000) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2000.00235.x · Cited by 88 · see citing works
LAM, L. C. W., Lee, J. S. W., Chung, J. C. C., Lau, A. L. D., Woo, J., & Kwok, T. C. Y. (2009) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.2352 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationSingh, N., Singh, S. D., Sabaawi, M., Myers, R. E., & Wahler, R. (2006) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445504272971 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
A pilot investigation of mindfulness-based stress reduction for caregivers of frail elderly.
Epstein-Lubow, G., McBee, L., Darling, E., Armey, M., & Miller, I. W. (2011) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-011-0047-4 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Stahl, S. M. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v60n0401 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
(2010) · PubMed · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Lui, M. H., Lee, D., Greenwood, N., & Ross, F. M. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2011.03742.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Role-playing techniques: locus of control and the attraction to behavior simulation interventions.
Kipper, D. A. (1988) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(198809)44:5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- [25]25. Chung MH, Philips DA: The Relationship Between Attitude Toward Physical Education and Leisure-Time Exercise in High School Students. Physical Educator 2002; 593: 126.
- [31]31. Ying YW: Depressive symptomatology among Chinese-Americans as measured by the CES-D. J Clin Psychol 1988; 445: 739-46.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Parsons, C. E., Crane, C., Parsons, L. J., Fjorback, L. O., & Kuyken, W. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.05.004 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
“…Walach et al. (2007) Daily log Not specified Y N N 6 h Wells et al. (2013) Not specified Not specified Y N Y one day retreat Wells et al. (2014) Daily log Not specified Y N Y 6 h retreat a Reduced home practice requirements detailed in Hou et al., 2013. equates to approximately 29 min per day, Fig.”
BackgroundGalante, J., Friedrich, C., Dawson, A. F., Modrego-Alarcón, M., Gebbing, P., Delgado-Suárez, I., Gupta, R., Dean, L., Dalgleish, T., White, I. R., et al. (2021) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1003481 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
“Year, Country N Participants (category) Mean Age (SD) Women Outcomes Intervention (category) Control/s (category) Outcome Time Points Xu 2015 [277], China 90 Adults (1) 31 (8) 56% Dis, Mindf Mindfulness training (2) Waitlist (1) Post–int Yazdanimehr 2016 [278,279], Iran 80 Pregnant women (2) 26 (5.2) 100% Anx, Dep, Di…”
InfluentialQuerstret, D., Morison, L., Dickinson, S., Cropley, M., & John, M. (2020) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/str0000165 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Self-Compassion Related Therapies: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Wilson, A. C., Mackintosh, K., Power, K., & Chan, S. W. Y. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-1037-6 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Current Psychosomatic Practice
Fava, G. A., Cosci, F., & Sonino, N. (2017) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000448856 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Adverse events in meditation practices and meditation‐based therapies: a systematic review
Farias, M., Maraldi, E., Wallenkampf, K. C., & Lucchetti, G. (2020) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13225 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
deVibe, M., Bjørndal, A., Fattah, S., Dyrdal, G. M., Halland, E., & Tanner-Smith, E. E. (2017) · Campbell Systematic Reviews: Better Evidence for a Better World · doi:10.4073/csr.2017.11 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Brown, K. W., Coogle, C. L., & Wegelin, J. (2016) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2015.1065790 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Zhang, J.-X., Liu, X.-H., Xie, X.-H., Zhao, D., Shan, M.-S., Zhang, X.-L., Kong, X.-M., & Cui, H. (2015) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2015.02.005 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Etxeberría, I., Salaberría, K., & Gorostiaga, A. (2020) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1758900 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
DeLuca, S. M., Kelman, A. R., & Waelde, L. C. (2018) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-018-0452-z · Cited by 95 · see citing works
The Safety of Mindfulness-Based Interventions: a Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Wong, S. Y. S., Chan, J. Y. C., Zhang, D., Lee, E. K. P., & Tsoi, K. K. F. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0897-0 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Self-citationJaffray, L., Bridgman, H., Stephens, M., & Skinner, T. (2016) · Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1177/0269216315600331 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Bögels, S. M., & Emerson, L. (2018) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.12.001 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
The Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Family Caregivers: Systematic Review
Li, G., Yuan, H., & Zhang, W. (2015) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2015.08.014 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Validating of the Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting Scale in Hong Kong Chinese
Lo, H. H. M., Yeung, J. W. K., Duncan, L. G., Ma, Y., Siu, A. F. Y., Chan, S. K. C., Choi, C. W., Szeto, M. P., Chow, K. K. W., & Ng, S. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0879-7 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationValidating the Revised Scale for Caregiving Self-Efficacy: A Cross-National Review
Steffen, A. M., Gallagher-Thompson, D. E., Arenella, K., Au, A. M. L., Cheng, S., Crespo, M., Cristancho‐Lacroix, V., López, J., Losada‐Baltar, A., Márquez‐González, M., et al. (2018) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gny004 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Vieten, C., Laraia, B. A., Kristeller, J. L., Adler, N. E., Coleman‐Phox, K., Bush, N. R., Wahbeh, H., Duncan, L. G., & Epel, E. S. (2018) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-018-1757-6 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Liu, Z., Chen, Q. L., & Sun, Y.-Y. (2017) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s146213 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Berk, L., Warmenhoven, F., van Os, J., & van Boxtel, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00982 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based stress reduction for family carers of people with dementia
Liu, Z., Sun, Y.-Y., & Zhong, B.-L. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012791.pub2 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Zhang, D., Chan, S. K. C., Lo, H. H. M., Chan, C. Y. H., Chan, J. C. Y., Ting, K. T., Gao, T. T., Lai, K. Y. C., Bögels, S. M., & Wong, S. Y. S. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0660-3 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationWong, C., Yip, B. H.-K., Gao, T., Lam, K. Y. Y., Woo, D. M. S., Yip, A. L. K., Chin, C. Y., Tang, W. P. Y., Choy, M. M. T., Tsang, K. W. K., et al. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-24945-4 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationTkatch, R., Bazarko, D. M., Musich, S. A., Wu, L., MacLeod, S., Keown, K., Hawkins, K., & Wicker, E. R. (2017) · Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1177/2156587217737204 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Golden, H. L., Vosper, J., Kingston, J., & Ellett, L. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01501-8 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Mindfulness as an intrapreneurship tool for improving the working environment and self-awareness
Aránega, A. Y., Núñez, M. T. D. V., & Sánchez, R. C. (2020) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.04.022 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Kor, P. P. K., Chien, W. T., Liu, J. Y. W., & Lai, C. K. Y. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0751-9 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
A Multidisciplinary Focus Review of Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Operating Room Personnel
Tavakkol, R., Karimi, A., Hassanipour, S., Gharahzadeh, A., & Fayzi, R. (2020) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s259245 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Cheung, D. S. K., Kor, P. P. K., Jones, C., Davies, N., Moyle, W., Chien, W. T., Yip, A. L. K., Chambers, S. K., Yu, C. T. K., & Lai, C. K. Y. (2020) · Asian Nursing Research · doi:10.1016/j.anr.2020.08.009 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Priestley, J., & McPherson, S. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.011 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Hall, B. J., Xiong, P., Guo, X., Sou, E. K. L., Chou, U. I., & Shen, Z. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.09.060 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Randomized Controlled Trial of Inner Resources Meditation for Family Dementia Caregivers
Waelde, L. C., Meyer, H., Thompson, J. M., Thompson, L., & Gallagher‐Thompson, D. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22470 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Experiential avoidance mediates the relation between mindfulness and anxiety
McCluskey, D. L., Haliwa, I., Wilson, J. M., Keeley, J. W., & Shook, N. J. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-00929-4 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Applying Mindfulness to Benefit Economically Disadvantaged Families: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Lo, H. H. M., Wong, J. Y. H., Wong, S. W. L., Wong, S. Y. S., Choi, C. W., Ho, R., Fong, R. W., & Snel, E. (2018) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731518817142 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationOlder Adult Caregivers’ Experiences in an Online, Interactive Mindfulness Intervention
Hudson, J. N., Ungar, R., Albright, L., Tkatch, R., Schaeffer, J., & Wicker, E. R. (2020) · Journal of Evidence-Based Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1177/2515690x20960659 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Mindfulness- and compassion-based interventions for family carers of older adults: A scoping review.
Murfield, J., Moyle, W., & O'Donovan, A. (2021) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.103495 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Stjernswärd, S., & Hansson, L. I. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0653-2 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Lambert, S., Brahim, L. O., McCusker, J., Coumoundouros, C., Audet, L.-A., Yaffe, M., Kayser, J., Magalhaes, M., Belzile, E., & Turner, N. (2021) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-021-06891-6 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Facing epistemic and complex uncertainty in serious illness: The role of mindfulness and shared mind
Epstein, R. M. (2021) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2021.07.030 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Pandya, S. P. (2019) · Journal of Gerontological Social Work · doi:10.1080/01634372.2019.1642278 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The experience of mindful yoga for older adults with depression
Lee, K. C., Tang, W. K., & Bressington, D. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12517 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-Compassion, Health Outcomes, and Family Carers of Older Adults: An Integrative Review
Murfield, J., Moyle, W., Jones, C., & O’Donovan, A. (2019) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2018.1560383 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The Impact of Dementia on Family Caregivers: What Is Research Teaching Us?
Merrilees, J. J. (2016) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-016-0692-z · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Zhang, Z. J., Lo, H. H. M., Ng, S., Mak, W. W. S., Wong, S. Y. S., Hung, K. S. Y., Lo, C. S. L., Wong, J. O. Y., Lui, S. S. Y., Lin, E., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20021018 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationStress as a challenge in promoting mental health among dementia caregivers
Zahed, S., Emami, M., Eslami, A. A., Barekatain, M., Hassanzadeh, A., & Zamani-Alavijeh, F. (2020) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_445_19 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Scocco, P., Zerbinati, L., Preti, A., Ferrari, A., & Totaro, S. (2019) · Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12175 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Xia, T. C., Hu, H., Seritan, A. L., & Eisendrath, S. (2019) · Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2019.0137 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Stjernswärd, S., & Hansson, L. I. (2018) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2018.03.004 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Lo, H. H. M., Ngai, S., & Yam, K. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01663-z · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationLök, N., & Bademli̇, K. (2016) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2016.09.006 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Chan, J., Leung, D. K. Y., Walton, H., Wong, G. H. Y., & Spector, A. E. (2020) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2020.1810571 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Mindfulness for people with long-term conditions and their family caregivers: A systematic review
Parkinson, B., Lawrence, M., McElhinney, E., & Booth, J. (2018) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.10.019 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Liu, H., LOU, V. W. Q., & Xu, S. (2024) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-023-04614-6 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Stjernswärd, S., & Hansson, L. I. (2016) · Informatics for Health and Social Care · doi:10.1080/17538157.2016.1177533 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Yüce, G. E., Döner, A., Bilgin, A., & Muz, G. (2024) · Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing · doi:10.1111/wvn.12736 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Simon, M. A., Tom, L. S., Leung, I. S., Taylor, S., Wong, E., Vicencio, D. P., & Dong, X. (2018) · Health Equity · doi:10.1089/heq.2017.0062 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Zhang, D., Tsang, K. W. K., Duncan, L. G., Yip, B. H. K., Chan, D. C. C., Lee, E. K. P., Gao, T. T., Tam, W. H., Lam, K. Y., Tong, W. H., et al. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-02046-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationAránega, A. Y., Sánchez, R. C., & Navarrete, S. R. (2023) · Journal of Enterprising Communities People and Places in the Global Economy · doi:10.1108/jec-09-2022-0127 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Casey, J., Harrison, K. L., Ventura, M. I., Mehling, W. E., & Barnes, D. E. (2019) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2018.1553142 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Lin, A., Vranceanu, A.-M., Guanci, M., Salgueiro, D., Rosand, J., & Zale, E. L. (2019) · Neurocritical Care · doi:10.1007/s12028-019-00772-x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Musculoskeletal disorders in nurses and their relationship with occupation-related stress
Nasiry, D., Haresabadi, M., Bagheri‐Nesami, M., Esmaeili, R., & Amiri, F. T. (2016) · Majallah-i dānishgāh-i ̒ulūm-i pizishkī-i Māzandarān/Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences · Cited by 16 · see citing works
How Does the Mindfulness-Based Program for Infertility (MBPI) Work in Reducing Depressive Symptoms?
Galhardo, A. B., Moura‐Ramos, M., Cunha, M. I. V. A., & Pinto‐Gouveia, J. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-017-0805-z · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Silaule, O., Casteleijn, D., Adams, F., & Nkosi, N. G. (2023) · Interactive Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.2196/48587 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Bustillo, M. L., Gómez, M. L. N., & Guillén, A. I. (2018) · Clínica y Salud · doi:10.5093/clysa2018a13 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Eldercare in Japan: Cluster Analysis of Daily Time-Use Patterns of Elder Caregivers
Kolpashnikova, K., & Kan, M. (2020) · Journal of Population Ageing · doi:10.1007/s12062-020-09313-3 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Stress and Blood Pressure in Dementia Caregivers: The Moderator Role of Mindfulness
Vara-García, C., Romero-Moreno, R., Márquez-González, M., Mausbach, B., von Känel, R., Gallego-Alberto, L., Olmos, R., & Losada, A. (2019) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2018.1554611 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Developing Mindfulness Programs for Adolescents: Lessons Learned From an Attempt in Hong Kong
Lam, C., Lau, N. S. E. 劉., Lo, H. H. M., & Woo, D. M.-S. (2014) · Social Work in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/15332985.2014.932885 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationHatch, S., Webber, J., Rej, S., Finlayson, M. L., & Kessler, D. (2022) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2022.2102140 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-efficacy for controlling upsetting thoughts and emotional eating in family caregivers
MacDougall, M., & Steffen, A. M. (2016) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2016.1196335 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Pione, R. D., Spector, A. E., Cartwright, A. V., & Stoner, C. R. (2020) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610220003464 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Zarit, S. H., & Savla, J. T. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800951-2.00042-x · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Hariri, S., Vishnubhotla, R. V., Reed, P. U., Rayapuraju, A., Orui, H., Balachundhar, P., Sadhasivam, S., & Subramaniam, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.944973 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Lo, H. H. M., Ho, W., Lau, E. N. S., Lo, C.-W., Mak, W. W. S., Ng, S., Wong, S. Y. S., Wong, J. O.-Y., Lui, S. S. Y., Lo, C. S. L., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00516 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationCalvete, E., Franco, M. A. R., Oñate, L., Sánchez‐Izquierdo, M., & Toro, L. B. (2021) · Clínica y Salud · doi:10.5093/clysa2021a5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Tapper, E. B., Saleh, Z. M., Lizza, S., Chen, X., Nikirk, S. J., & Serper, M. (2023) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-023-08042-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Woodworth, E. C., Briskin, E. A., Plys, E., Macklin, E. A., Tatar, R., Huberty, J., & Vranceanu, A. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/50108 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Lo, H. H. M. (2014) · Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work Social Thought · doi:10.1080/15426432.2014.873331 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, Z. J., Lo, H. H. M., Ho, W., Lau, E. N. S., Ng, S., Mak, W. W. S., Wong, S. Y. S., Hung, K. S. Y., Lai, I. Y. S., Lo, C. S. L., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1460151 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationGrandi, F., Burgueño, L., & Muñiz, M. J. I. (2018) · Revista Española de Geriatría y Gerontología · doi:10.1016/j.regg.2018.09.004 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
An Internet-Based Intervention for the Relatives of People with Mental Illnesses
Salamin, V., Ray, P., Gothuey, I., Corzani, S., & Martin-Söelch, C. (2019) · Swiss Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1024/1421-0185/a000219 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Caregivers of Frail Older Chinese Adults: A Study Protocol
Lo, H. H. M., Au, A., Cho, W. V., Lau, E. N. S., Wong, J. Y. H., Wong, S. Y. S., & Yeung, J. W. K. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095447 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“An estimation of a drop-out rate of 15% is based on two local studies of mindfulness-based intervention [25,47].”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationMindfulness-Based Stress Reduction and Transcendental Meditation: Current State of Research
Holt, A. (2015) · Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews · doi:10.17294/2330-0698.1199 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ding, F., Wu, J., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology · doi:10.1177/18344909221145814 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Caregivers of People With Disabilities: A Program to Enhance Wellness Self-Care
Swarbrick, M. A., Fogerite, S. G., Spagnolo, A. B., & Nemec, P. B. (2021) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20210107-04 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Li, X., Lau, E. N. S., Chan, S. K. C., Lam, T. P., Cheng, J. C. Y., Lee, E. K. P., Wong, S. Y. S., & Yip, B. H. K. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-02021-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, Z. J., Lo, H. H. M., Au, A. M. L., Wong, S. Y. S., Wong, J. Y. H., Yeung, J. W. K., Lau, E. N. S., Law, R. T. C., & Cho, W. V. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02594-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationAloweni, F. B. A. B., Doshi, K., Agus, N., Fook-Chong, S. M. C., Wu, S. Y., Kong, L. P., Foo, M., Ayob, E. B. M., & Østbye, T. (2021) · Proceedings of Singapore Healthcare · doi:10.1177/20101058211054913 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Liu, L., Jia, H., Qiu, B., Zhang, A., & Zhang, Q. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02774-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Obohwemu, K. O., Yakpir, G. M., Simran, K., Ndioho, I. F., Owusuaa-Asante, M. A., Nourhan, A., Jamila, A., Karen, H., MSC IBIC Change, L., Omoregie, J., et al. (2024) · The American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations · doi:10.37547/tajssei/volume06issue12-07 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hansell, A. K., Olmstead, R., López-Maya, E., & Banijamali, S. (2023) · Home Health Care Services Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01621424.2023.2214087 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ramos, J. M., Rodríguez, A., Sánchez, A., & Mena, A. C. (2018) · Clínica y Salud · doi:10.5093/clysa2018a8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Evaluation Research in Public Health
Dawson, A. J. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-5251-4_71 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Valdés‐Stauber, J., Lemaczyk, R., & Kilian, R. (2017) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951517000220 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Predicting Calmness, Anxiety, and Depression using Wearable SensorsPreprint
Borthakur, R., Sharma, N. L., & Pattanaik, P. R. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1273712/v1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Developing the Asian Pacific Islander Caregiver Train-the-Trainer Program in the United States
Chi, I., Liu, M., & Wang, S. (2018) · Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work · doi:10.1080/15313204.2018.1536906 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hosseini, M. A., Fallahi‐Khoshknab, M., Shahbolaghi, F. M., Zaheri, S. M., Soltani, P. R., & Khanjani, M. S. (2016) · نشریه روان پرستاری · doi:10.21859/ijpn-04031 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Чорна, В. В., Маkhniuk, V. М., Хлєстова, С. С., & Гуменюк, Н. І. (2020) · Biomedical and Biosocial Anthropology · doi:10.31393/bba38-2020-01 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zimmaro, L. A., Moss, A., Reibel, D. K., Handorf, E. A., Reese, J. B., & Fang, C. Y. (2021) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs11100139 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Caregiver burden in lung transplantation: A review
Sankar, K., Johnson, A., McRae, K., Rampolla, R. E., & Kolaitis, N. A. (2025) · JHLT Open · doi:10.1016/j.jhlto.2025.100239 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Caregiver Assessment and Support
Sannes, T. S., & Kluger, B. M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-93215-6_20 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hou, R. J., Wong, S. Y.-S., Yip, B. H.-K., Hung, A. T. F., Lo, H. H.-M., Chan, P. H. S., Lo, C. S. L., Kwok, T. C.-Y., Tang, W. K., Mak, W. W. S., Mercer, S. W., & Ma, S. H.
- Affiliations
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui Welfare Council Limited (HK)
- Castle Peak Hospital (CN)
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- University of Hong Kong (HK)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics
- Publisher
- S. Karger AG
- Published
- 2013-11-19
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 45-53
- ISSN
- 0033-3190 (ISSN-L)
- 1423-0348
- OpenAlex
- W2082355999
- Cited by
- 150
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 9.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Food and Health Bureau
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Nursing care and research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Keywords
- mindfulness-based stress reduction, family caregivers, caregiver mental health, depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, self-efficacy, self-compassion, mindfulness, chronic disease, caregiver burden, quality of life, perceived stress
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Anxiety, Chronic Disease, Depression, Family Health, Female, Hong Kong, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Quality of Life, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Care, Stress, Psychological, Caregivers, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Self Efficacy, Mindfulness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
