A synopsis of the evidence for the science and clinical management of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association
Open accessAbstract
A growing appreciation of the pathophysiological interrelatedness of metabolic risk factors such as obesity and diabetes, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease has led to the conceptualization of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome. The confluence of metabolic risk factors and chronic kidney disease within cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome is strongly linked to risk for adverse cardiovascular and kidney outcomes. In addition, there are unique management considerations for individuals with established cardiovascular disease and coexisting metabolic risk factors, chronic kidney disease, or both. An extensive body of literature supports our scientific understanding of, and approach to, prevention and management for individuals with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome. However, there are critical gaps in knowledge related to cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome in terms of mechanisms of disease development, heterogeneity within clinical phenotypes, interplay between social determinants of health and biological risk factors, and accurate assessments of disease incidence in the context of competing risks. There are also key limitations in the data supporting the clinical care for cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome, particularly in terms of early-life prevention, screening for risk factors, interdisciplinary care models, optimal strategies for supporting lifestyle modification and weight loss, targeting of emerging cardioprotective and kidney-protective therapies, management of patients with both cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease, and the impact of systematically assessing and addressing social determinants of health. This scientific statement uses a crosswalk of major guidelines, in addition to a review of the scientific literature, to summarize the evidence and fundamental gaps related to the science, screening, prevention, and management of cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome.
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Assessments for prediabetes or diabetes with fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, or oral glucose tolerance tests are critical because of the strong association of hyperglycemia with cardiovascular and kidney disease.
“Assessments for prediabetes or diabetes with fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, or oral glucose tolerance tests are critical because of the strong association of hyperglycemia with cardiovascular and kidney disease.39,40”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
The ‘Gaps in Screening for Metabolic Risk Factors and CKD in Adulthood’ section recommends assessments for prediabetes and diabetes, and the CKM staging table lists fasting blood glucose and HbA1c. ‘The Current Scientific Understanding of CKM Syndrome’ links hyperglycemia to kidney and vascular damage. The copy does not specify oral glucose tolerance tests as a screening option, so it does not support the full list of tests. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFrequent feedback and support positively impact program adherence.
“Successful interventions included frequent feedback and support, which have been shown to positively impact program adherence.24”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
The Interdisciplinary Care section says coordinated care models show promise for supporting adherence to recommended therapies. It does not establish that frequent feedback improves adherence to an intervention program; the Strategies to Support Lifestyle Changes and Weight Loss section discusses support but does not make that link. Page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGLP-1-based therapy has a more substantial impact than SGLT2i on incident ASCVD events.
“Both classes of agents reduce major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and CVD mortality across multiple clinical trials,39,40 with SGLT2i having a particular impact on HF hospitalizations and GLP-1–based therapy having a more substantial impact than SGLT2i on incident ASCVD events.”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
The Diabetes section (page unavailable) says GLP-1RAs may be particularly useful for people at high ASCVD risk. But the Cardioprotective Antihyperglycemic Therapies in Those With CVD section says the two classes have not been directly compared in clinical trials and prioritization is unclear. Our copy therefore does not establish that GLP-1-based therapy has a more substantial effect than SGLT2 inhibitors on incident ASCVD events. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBoth SGLT2i and GLP-1-based therapy reduce major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and CVD mortality across multiple clinical trials.
“Both classes of agents reduce major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and CVD mortality across multiple clinical trials,39,40 with SGLT2i having a particular impact on HF hospitalizations and GLP-1–based therapy having a more substantial impact than SGLT2i on incident ASCVD events.”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
The Diabetes and CVD section (page unavailable) says multiple trials show that both classes reduce major adverse cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and ASCVD. The Diabetes section (page unavailable) also reports reduced CVD events and mortality with these therapies, but does not specify cardiovascular mortality for both classes; the explicit cardiovascular-mortality finding concerns SGLT2 inhibitors in heart-failure trials. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIncidentally identified moderate-to-severe coronary calcifications on a nongated chest computed tomography scan typically correlates with CAC ≥100, carries similar prognostic value, and can also identify patients with CKM syndrome most likely to benefit from preventive therapies.
“Incidentally identified moderate-to-severe coronary calcifications on a nongated chest computed tomography scan typically correlates with CAC ≥100, carries similar prognostic value, and can also identify patients with CKM syndrome most likely to benefit from preventive therapies.21–24”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
In adults across the CKM stages, intensive lifestyle interventions and intensive risk factor control with coordinated care and pharmacotherapies have robust evidence of improving CKM health.
“In adults across the CKM stages, intensive lifestyle interventions and intensive risk factor control with coordinated care and pharmacotherapies have robust evidence of improving CKM health.22–24”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
The “Evidence for Prevention and Management in CKM Syndrome” section reports substantial evidence for stage-specific approaches, including lifestyle measures and pharmacotherapies. But the “Interdisciplinary Care” section says evidence that coordinated care improves clinical outcomes is only beginning to emerge. The claim therefore overstates the strength of evidence for coordinated care across CKM stages. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredGLP-1-based therapy often causes significant weight loss and improvements in CKM risk profiles and MASLD, while SGLT2i has a marked impact on CKD.
“GLP-1–based therapy often causes significant weight loss and improvements in CKM risk profiles and MASLD, while SGLT2i has a marked impact on CKD.19–30”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
The Strategies to Support Lifestyle Changes and Weight Loss section (page not provided) says high-dose GLP-1–based agents induce marked weight loss and improve metabolic risk factors. The Diabetes section (page not provided) says SGLT2 inhibitors reduce the risk of worsening kidney function and are likely preferred for people with CKD. The copy discusses MASLD, but the passages found do not say GLP-1–based therapy improves it. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMBS causes substantial weight loss (up to 30% to 35% body weight) and improvements in multiple CKM risk factors.
“MBS causes substantial weight loss (up to 30% to 35% body weight) and improvements in multiple CKM risk factors.23–25”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
The 'Evidence for Stage 1 CKM Approach' section describes bariatric surgery as an effective adjunct to lifestyle change for weight loss and links it to lower cardiovascular disease and mortality rates. It does not give the claimed 30%–35% body-weight loss figure or specifically attribute improvements in multiple CKM risk factors to surgery. Page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBoth SGLT2i and GLP-1-based therapy improve kidney outcomes, with GLP-1-based therapy additionally promoting significant weight reduction and glycemic control (especially semaglutide and tirzepatide) and reducing liver fibrosis in MASH.
“Both SGLT2i and GLP-1–based therapy improve kidney outcomes,49–51 with GLP-1–based therapy additionally promoting significant weight reduction and glycemic control (especially semaglutide and tirzepatide)19–25 and reducing liver fibrosis in MASH”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
The Chronic Kidney Disease section reports that SGLT2 inhibitors reduce CKD progression, but says GLP-1 receptor agonists have established cardiovascular benefits while studies of their kidney outcomes are ongoing. The Diabetes section supports GLP-1 therapies’ effects on weight and glycemia. The passages do not support the claim about reduced liver fibrosis in MASH. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe risk-benefit and appropriate strategies for treating obesity in patients with HFrEF remain undefined.
“The risk-benefit and appropriate strategies for treating obesity in patients with HFrEF remain undefined.24”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
The section on cardioprotective antihyperglycemic therapies (page unavailable) says the safety and effectiveness of GLP-1 receptor agonists in HFrEF need further study, and that criteria for adding them in patients with heart failure remain unclear. This supports uncertainty about one obesity-related treatment, but does not establish that the risk-benefit and appropriate strategies for treating obesity generally in HFrEF remain undefined. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredARNI has superior HF benefits over ACEi/ARB.
“RASi, with ARNI having superior HF benefits over ACEi/ARB; and 2) SGLT2i.13,21–25”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
The CKD and CVD section reports that ARNI use reduces cardiovascular death and HF hospitalization, especially in HFrEF. It also describes benefits of ACE inhibitors/ARBs, but does not state that ARNI has superior HF benefits to them; the comparative claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAmong the 4 medication classes, 2 are kidney-protective: RASi and SGLT2i.
“Among these 4 medication classes (6 classes if the patient also self-identifies as Black race), 2 are kidney-protective; namely, 1) RASi, with ARNI having superior HF benefits over ACEi/ARB; and 2) SGLT2i.13,21–25”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
The Chronic Kidney Disease and CKD and CVD sections report kidney benefits for ACE inhibitors/ARBs and SGLT2 inhibitors, supporting the identification of both as kidney-protective. The passages do not establish that exactly two of the four medication classes are kidney-protective, or that ARNI has superior heart-failure benefits to ACE inhibitors/ARBs. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMBS is associated with a lower risk of incident major adverse liver outcomes and MACE in large cohort studies.
“MBS is associated with a lower risk of incident major adverse liver outcomes and MACE in large cohort studies.6,24,25”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
The sections “Obesity, MetS Components, and CVD” and “Strategies to Support Lifestyle Changes and Weight Loss” (page unavailable) report lower major adverse cardiac events after bariatric surgery, including evidence from observational and prospective studies. The passages do not report major adverse liver outcomes, so the source supports only the MACE part of the claim. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn patients with BMI ≥30 kg/m2, pooled DOAC use was linked to a 20% reduction in stroke/systemic embolism/MI/all-cause mortality and a 44% reduction in major bleeding versus VKA, with similar VTE prevention.
“In patients with BMI ≥30 kg/m2, pooled DOAC use was linked to a 20% reduction in stroke/systemic embolism/MI/all-cause mortality and a 44% reduction in major bleeding versus VKA, with similar VTE prevention.24”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
The CKD and CVD section (page unavailable) says that growing data and guidance support oral anticoagulants for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation even in severe obesity. It does not report a pooled comparison with vitamin K antagonists, the claimed 20% or 44% reductions, or similar VTE prevention. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe early postpartum period representing the 12 weeks following delivery is a critical window to optimize women's CKM health, particularly for women with APOs.
“The early postpartum period representing the 12 weeks following delivery, sometimes referred to as the fourth trimester, is a critical window to optimize women's CKM health, particularly for women with APOs.40”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
The 'EVIDENCE SUPPORTING CKM-RELATED SCREENING' section recommends intensified screening after pregnancy for individuals with gestational diabetes, supporting attention to CKM-related risk following this pregnancy complication. The cited paper does not identify the first 12 weeks after delivery as a critical window or extend that recommendation to women with APOs generally; searches for 'fourth trimester' and '12 weeks following delivery' found no such passage. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe largest HbA1c reductions are achieved by treatment plans that include GLP-1-based treatments, particularly semaglutide and tirzepatide, in addition to insulin.
“The largest HbA1c reductions are achieved by treatment plans that include GLP-1–based treatments, particularly semaglutide and tirzepatide, in addition to insulin.24,25”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
The Diabetes section says GLP-1 receptor agonists have a stronger effect on glycemia than SGLT2 inhibitors and may be preferred for people on high insulin doses. It does not say that GLP-1–based plans produce the largest HbA1c reductions, identify semaglutide or tirzepatide as particularly effective for that outcome, or compare plans combining them with insulin. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAPOs are associated with higher subsequent risk for developing CKM risk factors and CVD.
“APOs are also associated with higher subsequent risk for developing CKM risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia) and CVD (including HF, coronary heart disease, PAD, and vascular dementia).12,23–27”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
In “Understanding the Heterogeneity Within CKM Syndrome” (page unavailable), the statement identifies adverse pregnancy outcomes as risk-enhancing factors for progression through CKM stages toward metabolic risk factors and clinical CVD. It does not specifically link APOs to each risk factor and CVD outcome listed in the citing sentence, including dyslipidemia, PAD, and vascular dementia. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe AHA and ACOG recommend frequent CVD risk factor screening and lifestyle counseling among postpartum women who experience APOs.
“The AHA and ACOG recommend frequent CVD risk factor screening and lifestyle counseling among postpartum women who experience APOs.40,41”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
The screening section says women with gestational diabetes should receive intensified glucose screening after pregnancy, and the adulthood screening section supports moderate-frequency CKM risk-factor screening after gestational diabetes. The paper does not attribute a recommendation to ACOG or recommend frequent CVD risk-factor screening and lifestyle counseling for postpartum women with adverse pregnancy outcomes generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSGLT2i have a particular impact on HF hospitalizations.
“Both classes of agents reduce major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and CVD mortality across multiple clinical trials,39,40 with SGLT2i having a particular impact on HF hospitalizations and GLP-1–based therapy having a more substantial impact than SGLT2i on incident ASCVD events.”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
SGLT2i appear to primarily reduce incident and worsening HF.
“SGLT2i appear to primarily reduce incident and worsening HF.17,37–44”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
The current study supports IPE as a potential therapeutic strategy for CKM patients beyond traditional standard of care measures.
“As such, the current study supports IPE as a potential therapeutic strategy for CKM patients beyond traditional standard of care measures as outlined in the recent AHA Scientific Statement [3]”
From Icosapent ethyl reduces CVD risk in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: REDUCE-IT CKM (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
A social work-led care coordination intervention reduced 30-day readmission rates by 22% among older inpatients with high risk of readmission in a small RCT.
“Another small RCT showed that a social work–led care coordination intervention reduced 30-day readmission rates by 22% among older inpatients with high risk of readmission.24”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
The Interdisciplinary Care section discusses multidisciplinary care and a randomized trial that increased use of cardiometabolic therapies, but does not report readmissions. The Gaps in SDOH Screening section recommends including social workers on care teams. Searches for the 22% reduction, 30-day readmissions, and a social work–led trial found no passage addressing the claimed result; no page numbers were available. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA systematic review of registry data reported several strategies for successful weight loss maintenance, including regular breakfast intake and having healthy food at home.
“A systematic review of registry data reported several strategies for successful weight loss maintenance, including regular breakfast intake and having healthy food at home.40”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
The ‘Strategies to Support Lifestyle Changes and Weight Loss’ section discusses weight-loss support and says maintenance strategies after reducing or discontinuing newer obesity medications are undefined. It does not report a systematic review of registry data or identify regular breakfast intake or healthy food at home as maintenance strategies (searched: breakfast, registry, healthy food at home; page unavailable in our copy). (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredA recently published modeling study suggested that GLP-1-based therapies, at an annual cost of $19 881, would not be cost-effective compared with RYGB surgery.
“A recently published modeling study suggested that GLP-1-based therapies, at an annual cost of $19 881, would not be cost-effective compared with RYGB surgery.24”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
The Diabetes section discusses the financial burden of newer antihyperglycemic therapies, and Strategies to Support Lifestyle Changes and Weight Loss discusses GLP-1-based drugs, but neither reports the claimed modeling result. Searches for “19 881,” “19,881,” cost-effectiveness, and comparison with RYGB found no passage giving the annual cost or concluding that the therapies were not cost-effective relative to surgery. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLactation reduces pancreatic oxidative stress and risks for T2D in women with GDM.
“Lactation also reduces pancreatic oxidative stress and risks for T2D in women with GDM and should be discussed with them before, during, and after pregnancy.22–24”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
The section ‘Gaps in Screening for Metabolic Risk Factors and CKD in Adulthood’ says people with gestational diabetes are at high risk for diabetes, but does not discuss lactation. Searches for lactation, breastfeeding, and pancreatic oxidative stress found no passage saying lactation reduces oxidative stress or type 2 diabetes risk in these women. The indexed passages provide section labels but no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThis benefit was consistent with or without background SGLT2i or GLP-1 RA use.
“This benefit was consistent with or without background SGLT2i40 or GLP-1 RA use.41”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
The Chronic Kidney Disease section (page unavailable) reports reduced kidney and cardiovascular risks with finerenone, but does not compare outcomes by background GLP-1RA use. Searches for background GLP-1RA use and finerenone subgroup benefits found no passage establishing that the benefit was consistent with or without it. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredNumerous observational studies support a positive, linear association of glycemia with HF incidence and events.
“numerous observational studies support a positive, linear association of glycemia with HF incidence and events.23–25”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
The Subclinical HF section (page unavailable) describes high baseline HF risk in people with diabetes, while Diabetes and CVD discusses HF outcomes of antihyperglycemic therapies. Neither passage reports the claimed positive, linear association between glycemia and HF incidence or events in observational studies. Searches for a glycemia–HF association and dose-response relationship found no passage establishing it. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn adults with CKM syndrome stage 4 with CKD and symptomatic HFpEF, the cost-effectiveness of adding a SGLT2i prior to GDMT at 2025 US prices is indeterminate.
“In adults with CKM syndrome stage 4 syndrome with CKD and symptomatic HFpEF, the cost-effectiveness of adding a SGLT2i prior to GDMT at 2025 US prices is indeterminate.”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
The Diabetes and CVD section says SGLT2 inhibitors are part of GDMT and benefit patients with HFpEF; the Management of CVD in Patients With CKD section says evidence for GDMT in advanced CKD is limited. Neither section assesses the cost-effectiveness of adding an SGLT2 inhibitor before GDMT at 2025 US prices. A search for cost-effectiveness found discussion of BNP-based screening, not this treatment decision; page numbers were unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.77)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese analyses pooled individuals without and with CKD and did not directly incorporate the benefit of SGLT2i therapy on kidney outcomes.
“However, these analyses pooled individuals without, and with, CKD and did not directly incorporate the benefit of SGLT2i therapy on kidney outcomes.”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
The Chronic Kidney Disease and CKD and CVD sections describe kidney benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors, but do not characterize the analyses referred to in the claim. Searches for pooling people with and without CKD and for analyses omitting SGLT2 inhibitor kidney benefits found no passage addressing either point; page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMetabolic and bariatric surgery causes remission of MASLD, even in advanced stages.
“Metabolic and bariatric surgery causes remission of MASLD, even in advanced stages.6,24,25”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [24]
The sections “Obesity, MetS Components, and CVD” and “Strategies to Support Lifestyle Changes and Weight Loss” discuss bariatric surgery’s association with cardiovascular outcomes, not MASLD remission. Searches for MASLD, fatty liver disease, NASH, and advanced liver disease found no passage addressing remission after surgery. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOne analysis based on EMPEROR-PRESERVED found that empagliflozin at an annual cost of $3920 would have an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $437 400 per QALY gained.
“One analysis based on the results of the EMPEROR-PRESERVED trial found that empagliflozin therapy, at an annual cost of $3920, would have an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio $437 400 per QALY gained.40”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
The Diabetes section discusses the financial burden of newer therapies, and the References list an empagliflozin heart-failure trial, but neither reports the claimed economic analysis. Searches for EMPEROR-PRESERVED, the $3920 annual cost, and the $437,400-per-QALY estimate found no passage supporting those figures. Page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn 2 high-quality simulation model-based cost-effectiveness analyses, addition of SGLT2i therapy to GDMT in adults with symptomatic HFpEF was projected to be not cost-effective, but the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was sensitive to the effect on mortality.
“In 2 high-quality simulation model–based cost-effectiveness analyses that evaluated the economic value of adding SGLT2i therapy to prior GDMT in adults with symptomatic HFpEF using a US health care sector perspective and a lifetime analytic horizon, addition of SGLT2i therapy to GDMT was projected to be not cost-effective, but the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was sensitive to the effect on”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTaken together, these analyses suggest that SGLT2i therapy is not cost-effective at current drug prices (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio ≥$120 000 per QALY gained).
“Taken together, these analyses suggest that SGLT2i therapy is not cost-effective at current drug prices (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio ≥$120 000 per QALY gained).”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
The Diabetes section says metformin imposes less financial burden than newer cardioprotective therapies, but it does not assess whether SGLT2 inhibitors are cost-effective. Searches for the stated incremental cost-effectiveness ratio and current drug prices found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.73)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe effects of RASi, SGLT2i, and nsMRA on albuminuria are evident within weeks of initiation.
“The effects of RASi, SGLT2i, and nsMRA on albuminuria are evident within weeks of initiation,40–42”
From 2026 AHA/ACC/ADA/ASN Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome (2026) · cites this paper as [40]
The Chronic Kidney Disease and CKD and CVD sections discuss kidney benefits of RAS inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, and finerenone, but do not establish when these drugs affect albuminuria. Searches for albuminuria changes within weeks of initiation did not find a passage addressing that timing. (LLM, conf=0.71)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Self-citationDapagliflozin in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction
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Self-citationSemaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
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“165,205 In individuals with diabetes and ASCVD, the approach to prioritizing selection of SGLT2 inhibitors versus GLP-1RAs is unclear because these therapies have not been directly compared in clinical trials.”
Background2021 ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice
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Self-citationCardiovascular and renal outcomes with empagliflozin in heart failure
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Self-citationTirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity
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“Newer obesity pharmaco-therapies, particularly high-dose GLP-1RA and GLP1/ GIP-RA agents, induce marked weight loss and improve metabolic risk factors, 199,200 but the optimal targeting of these agents as adjuncts to lifestyle modification in the broad population with obesity is unclear.”
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“139”
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Bariatric Surgery and Long-term Cardiovascular Events
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“153,161 SGLT2 inhibitors additionally reduce the risk for HF hospitalization and worsening kidney function in patients with ASCVD, whereas GLP-1RAs have more potent effects than SGLT2 inhibitors on weight and HbA1c.”
BackgroundReduction in Weight and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes
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Self-citationBody Fat Distribution and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: An Update
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“46 In addition, there are significant racial and ethnic differences in the propensity for metabolic risk factors at a given weight.”
BackgroundSelf-citationInterventions for preventing obesity in children
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“In addition, the discontinuation of these agents is associated with weight regain, 201 and strategies for successful weight maintenance with reductions or discontinuation of newer obesity pharmacotherapies are undefined.”
BackgroundHampl, S. E., Hassink, S. G., Skinner, A. C., Armstrong, S. C., Barlow, S. E., Bolling, C. F., Avila Edwards, K. C., Eneli, I., Hamre, R., Joseph, M. M., et al. (2023) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2022-060640 · Cited by 1,389 · cited 2× · see citing works
“91 Pediatric obesity and pediatric CKD precede the development of other CKM risk factors.”
BackgroundKDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in Chronic Kidney Disease
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“149 In the SHARP trial (Study of Heart and Renal Protection), among patients with CKD (almost half of whom were on dialysis) with no known history of ASCVD, patients randomized to simvastatin plus ezeti-mibe compared with placebo had a significant reduction in first major atherosclerotic events.”
BackgroundKidney disease and increased mortality risk in type 2 diabetes
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Chapter 1: Definition and classification of CKD
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Peripheral arterial disease in people with diabetes
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“58,69,80 The Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes CKD staging system combines eGFR and albuminuria to provide a broad risk estimate for CKD progression, CVD events, and overall mortality.”
BackgroundSelf-citationSocial Determinants of Cardiovascular Disease
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Self-citationIn-Center Hemodialysis Six Times per Week versus Three Times per Week
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9. Pharmacologic Approaches to Glycemic Treatment: <i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i>
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“206 It has been speculated that this may be linked to greater reduction of apolipoprotein B concentrations with icosa-pent ethyl, 207 but more research on this topic is needed.”
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Self-citationThe Global Epidemiology of Diabetes and Kidney Disease
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“168 If these trials have positive results, patients with obesity and prevalent CVD might be prioritized these agents.”
BackgroundSelf-citationBansal, N., Artinian, N. T., Bakris, G. L., Chang, T. I., Cohen, J. B., Flythe, J. E., Lea, J. P., Vongpatanasin, W., & Chertow, G. M. (2023) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hyp.0000000000000230 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
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Self-citationScreening for High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents
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Management of Obesity in Cardiovascular Practice
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Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Diabetes and Kidney Disease
Morales, J., & Handelsman, Y. (2023) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2023.04.052 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Disease in CKD in Children: Update on Risk Factors, Risk Assessment, and Management
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Epigenetics of Early Cardiometabolic Disease: Mechanisms and Precision Medicine
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Cardio-Renal-Metabolic Care Models
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Regional Fat Distribution and Blood Pressure Level and Variability
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Anderegg, M. D., Gums, T. H., Uribe, L., MacLaughlin, E. J., Hoehns, J. D., Bazaldua, O. V., Ives, T. J., Hahn, D. L., Coffey, C. S., & Carter, B. L. (2018) · Pharmacotherapy The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy · doi:10.1002/phar.2083 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
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Predictors of Sudden Cardiac Death
Shastri, S., Tangri, N., Tighiouart, H., Beck, G. J., Vlagopoulos, P. T., Ornt, D. B., Eknoyan, G., Kusek, J. W., Herzog, C. A., Cheung, A. K., et al. (2011) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.06320611 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Screening for Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents
US Preventive Services Task Force, Mangione, C. M., Barry, M. J., Nicholson, W. K., Cabana, M. D., Chelmow, D. P., Coker, T. R., Davidson, K. W., Davis, E. M., Donahue, K. E., et al. (2022) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2022.14543 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Fliotsos, M. J., Zhao, D., Rao, V. N., Ndumele, C. E., Güallar, E., Burke, G. L., Vaidya, D., Delaney, J. A., & Michos, E. D. (2018) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.118.009599 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
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Reclassification of Pre-Heart Failure Stages Using Cardiac Biomarkers
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Self-citationCompeting risks need to be considered in survival analysis models for cardiovascular outcomes
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Statins and All‐Cause Mortality in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis
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The Fibrates Story — A Tepid End to a PROMINENT Drug
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Self-citationNutrition Disparities and Cardiovascular Health
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Self-citationAtherosclerotic renal artery stenosis: current status and future directions
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Coronary Artery Calcium Score for Personalization of Antihypertensive Therapy
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Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic health: a presidential advisory from the American Heart Association
Ndumele, C. E., Rangaswami, J., Chow, S. L., Neeland, I. J., Tuttle, K. R., Khan, S. S., Coresh, J., Mathew, R. O., Baker-Smith, C. M., Carnethon, M. R., et al. (2023) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001184 · Cited by 2,208 · see citing works
Self-citationDevelopment and validation of the American Heart Association’s PREVENT equations
Khan, S. S., Matsushita, K., Sang, Y., Ballew, S. H., Grams, M. E., Surapaneni, A., Blaha, M. J., Carson, A. P., Chang, A. R., Ciemins, E., et al. (2024) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.123.067626 · Cited by 1,234 · see citing works
Self-citationKhan, S. S., Coresh, J., Pencina, M. J., Ndumele, C. E., Rangaswami, J., Chow, S. L., Palaniappan, L. P., Sperling, L. S., Virani, S. S., Ho, J. E., et al. (2023) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001191 · Cited by 797 · see citing works
Self-citationBadve, S. V., Bilal, A., Lee, M. M. Y., Sattar, N., Gerstein, H. C., Ruff, C. T., McMurray, J. J. V., Rossing, P., Bakris, G., Mahaffey, K. W., et al. (2025) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(24)00271-7 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Self-citationJones, D. W., Ferdinand, K. C., Taler, S. J., Johnson, H. M., Shimbo, D., Abdalla, M., Altieri, M. M., Bansal, N., Bello, N. A., Bress, A. P., et al. (2025) · JACC · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2025.05.007 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Self-citationStefanakis, K., Kokkorakis, M., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2024) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156057 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes*, Bajaj, M., McCoy, R. G., Balapattabi, K., Bannuru, R. R., Bellini, N. J., Bennett, A. K., Beverly, E. A., Briggs Early, K., ChallaSivaKanaka, S., et al. (2026) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc26-s010 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Khan, S. S., Breathett, K., Braun, L. T., Chow, S. L., Gupta, D. K., Lekavich, C., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Ndumele, C. E., Rodriguez, C. J., Allen, L. A., et al. (2025) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001307 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationNdumele, C. E., Rodriguez, F., Dixon, D. L., Khan, S. S., Mukherjee, D., Bajaj, M., Bangalore, S., Bozkurt, B., Breathett, K., Clarke, S. L., et al. (2026) · JACC · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2026.03.056 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Self-citationPredicted Risk, Preclinical Heart Failure Measures, and Incident Heart Failure
Grant, J. K., Zhang, S., Khan, S. S., Ozkan, B., Blumer, V., Nambi, V., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Pandey, A., Blumenthal, R. S., Ballantyne, C. M., et al. (2025) · JACC: Heart Failure · doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2025.102659 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationIcosapent ethyl reduces CVD risk in cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome: REDUCE-IT CKM
Miller, M., Bhatt, D. L., Brinton, E. A., Jacobson, T. A., Steg, P. G., Ketchum, S. B., Pineda, A. L., Tardif, J.-C., & Ballantyne, C. M. (2026) · American Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2025.101387
- Authors
- Ndumele, C. E., Neeland, I. J., Tuttle, K. R., Chow, S. L., Mathew, R. O., Khan, S. S., Coresh, J., Baker-Smith, C. M., Carnethon, M. R., Després, J.-P., Ho, J. E., Joseph, J. J., Kernan, W. N., Khera, A., Kosiborod, M. N., Lekavich, C. L., Lewis, E. F., Lo, K. B., Ozkan, B., Palaniappan, L. P., Patel, S. S., Pencina, M. J., Powell-Wiley, T. M., Sperling, L. S., Virani, S. S., Wright, J. T., Rajgopal Singh, R., Elkind, M. S. V., Rangaswami, J., & on behalf of the American Heart Association
- ORCID
- Ndumele, Chiadi E.
- Neeland, Ian J.
- Tuttle, Katherine R.
- Chow, Sheryl L.
- Mathew, Roy O.
- Khan, Sadiya S.
- Coresh, Josef
- Baker-Smith, Carissa M.
- Carnethon, Mercedes R.
- Després, Jean-Pierre
- Ho, Jennifer E.
- Joseph, Joshua J.
- Kernan, Walter N.
- Khera, Amit
- Kosiborod, Mikhail N.
- Lekavich, Carolyn L.
- Lewis, Eldrin F.
- Lo, Kevin B.
- Palaniappan, Latha P.
- Patel, Sonali S.
- Pencina, Michael J.
- Sperling, Laurence S.
- Virani, Salim S.
- Wright, Jackson T.
- Elkind, Mitchell S.V.
- Rangaswami, Janani
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2023-11-14
- Volume
- 148
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 1636-1664
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- OpenAlex
- W4387435427
- Semantic Scholar
- 6defeae42f8fd0ab65e2d773c4ac2548dcdcbb45
- Cited by
- 1,405
- References
- 208
- Citations by year
- 2026: 694 · 2025: 569 · 2024: 134 · 2023: 8
- FWCI
- 50.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eCommons - AKU (Aga Khan University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- American Heart Association
- Public Health Agency of Canada
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL140224)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes mellitus, metabolic risk factors, cardiovascular risk, renal outcomes, prevention, screening, lifestyle modification, weight loss, cardioprotective therapy, social determinants of health, competing risks, multidisciplinary care
- MeSH terms
- American Heart Association, Cardiovascular Diseases, Humans, Kidney, Risk Factors, United States, Metabolic Syndrome, Renal Insufficiency, Chronic
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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