Optimism, Cynical Hostility, and Incident Coronary Heart Disease and Mortality in the Women’s Health Initiative
Open accessAbstract
Background— Trait optimism (positive future expectations) and cynical, hostile attitudes toward others have not been studied together in relation to incident coronary heart disease (CHD) and mortality in postmenopausal women. Methods and Results— Participants were 97 253 women (89 259 white, 7994 black) from the Women’s Health Initiative who were free of cancer and cardiovascular disease at study entry. Optimism was assessed by the Life Orientation Test–Revised and cynical hostility by the cynicism subscale of the Cook Medley Questionnaire. Cox proportional hazard models produced adjusted hazard ratios (AHRs) for incident CHD (myocardial infarction, angina, percutaneous coronary angioplasty, or coronary artery bypass surgery) and total mortality (CHD, cardiovascular disease, or cancer related) over ≈8 years. Optimists (top versus bottom quartile [“pessimists”]) had lower age-adjusted rates (per 10 000) of CHD (43 versus 60) and total mortality (46 versus 63). The most cynical, hostile women (top versus bottom quartile) had higher rates of CHD (56 versus 44) and total mortality (63 versus 46). Optimists (versus pessimists) had a lower hazard of CHD (AHR 0.91, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.99), CHD-related mortality (AHR 0.70, 95% CI 0.55 to 0.90), cancer-related mortality (blacks only; AHR 0.56, 95% CI 0.35 to 0.88), and total mortality (AHR 0.86, 95% CI 0.79 to 0.93). Most (versus least) cynical, hostile women had a higher hazard of cancer-related mortality (AHR 1.23, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.40) and total mortality (AHR 1.16, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.27; this effect was pronounced in blacks). Effects of optimism and cynical hostility were independent. Conclusions— Optimism and cynical hostility are independently associated with important health outcomes in black and white women. Future research should examine whether interventions designed to change attitudes would lead to altered risk.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Cardiovascular researchers have identified that optimism, positive psychological constructs, and subjective well-being are linked to significantly better cardiovascular outcomes, decreased rehospitalization and reduced risk of mortality.
“Cardiovascular researchers have identified that optimism, positive psychological constructs, and subjective well‐being are linked to significantly better cardiovascular outcomes, decreased rehospitalization and reduced risk of mortality. 19 , 21 , 64 , 65 , 66”
From Positive psychological well-being in women with obesity: A scoping review of qualitative and quantitative primary research (2022) · cites this paper as [64]
The Results (Multivariable Cox Proportional Hazard Models; page unavailable) report significantly lower coronary heart disease and mortality hazards among more optimistic women. The introductory passage (labeled Abstract > Conclusions; page unavailable) also reports prior evidence of less rehospitalization after bypass surgery among optimistic people. This paper does not establish the same associations for subjective well-being or positive psychological constructs generally, and rehospitalization was not an outcome of its own study. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAn optimistic frame of mind is associated with healthy aging and a lower risk of CVD, including stroke and heart failure, and a lower risk of all-cause mortality.
“An optimistic frame of mind has been shown to be associated with healthy aging 60 and a lower risk of CVD, 61 including stroke 62 and heart failure, 63 and a lower risk of all-cause mortality. 64”
From Psychological Health, Well-Being, and the Mind-Heart-Body Connection: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2021) · cites this paper as [61]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories
Wilson, P. W. F., D’Agostino, R. B., Levy, D., Belanger, A. M., Silbershatz, H., & Kannel, W. B. (1998) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.97.18.1837 · Cited by 9,581 · see citing works
Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.67.6.1063 · Cited by 7,456 · see citing works
Depression, chronic diseases, and decrements in health: results from the World Health Surveys
Moussavi, S., Chatterji, S., Verdes, E., Tandon, A., Patel, V., & Ustun, B. (2007) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(07)61415-9 · Cited by 4,070 · see citing works
Rosengren, A., Hawken, S., Ôunpuu, S., Sliwa, K., Zubaid, M., Almahmeed, W. A., Blackett, K. N., Sitthi-amorn, C., Sato, H., & Yusuf, S. (2004) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(04)17019-0 · Cited by 2,414 · see citing works
Estrogen plus Progestin and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease
Manson, J. E., Hsia, J., Johnson, K. C., Rossouw, J. E., Assaf, A. R., Lasser, N. L., Trevisan, M., Black, H. R., Heckbert, S. R., Detrano, R., et al. (2003) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa030808 · Cited by 2,065 · see citing works
Self-citationChida, Y., & Steptoe, A. (2008) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31818105ba · Cited by 1,592 · see citing works
Sertraline treatment of major depression in patients with acute MI or unstable angina
Glassman, A. H. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.6.701 · Cited by 1,414 · see citing works
Coping with stress: divergent strategies of optimists and pessimists.
Scheier, M., Weintraub, J., & Carver, C. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1257 · Cited by 1,340 · see citing works
Prospective study of alcohol consumption and risk of coronary disease in men.
Rimm, E. B., Giovannucci, E. L., Willett, W. C., Colditz, G. A., Ascherio, A., Rosner, B., & Stampfer, M. J. (1991) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)90542-w · Cited by 1,239 · see citing works
Coping with stress: Divergent strategies of optimists and pessimists.
Scheier, M. F., Weintraub, J. K., & Carver, C. S. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.51.6.1257 · Cited by 1,190 · see citing works
Implementation of the women's health initiative study design
Anderson, G. L., Manson, J. E., Wallace, R. B., Lund, B., Hall, D., Davis, S., Shumaker, S. A., Wang, C., Stein, E. A., & Prentice, R. L. (2003) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(03)00043-7 · Cited by 757 · see citing works
Self-citationThe women's health initiative recruitment methods and results
Hays-Grudo, J., Hunt, J. R., Hubbell, F. A., Anderson, G. L., Limacher, M. C., Allen, C. I., & Rossouw, J. E. (2003) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(03)00042-5 · Cited by 743 · see citing works
Outcomes ascertainment and adjudication methods in the women's health initiative
Curb, J. D., McTiernan, A., Heckbert, S. R., Kooperberg, C. L., Stanford, J. L., Nevitt, M. C., Johnson, K., Proulx-Burns, L., Pastore, L. M., Criqui, M. H., et al. (2003) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(03)00048-6 · Cited by 700 · see citing works
Neural mechanisms mediating optimism bias
Sharot, T., Riccardi, A. M., Raio, C. M., & Phelps, E. A. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature06280 · Cited by 659 · see citing works
Development of a Brief Screening Instrument for Detecting Depressive Disorders
Burnam, M. A., Wells, K. B., LEAKE, B. D., & Landsverk, J. L. (1988) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-198808000-00004 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
Obesity as Compared With Physical Activity in Predicting Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women
Li, T. Y., Rana, J. S., Manson, J. E., Willett, W. C., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Rexrode, K. M., & Hu, F. B. (2006) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.574087 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Self-citationBlumenthal, J. A., Sherwood, A., Babyak, M. A., Watkins, L. L., WAUGH, R. A., Georgiades, A., Bacon, S., Hayano, J., Coleman, R. E., & Hinderliter, A. L. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.293.13.1626 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Giltay, E. J., Geleijnse, J. M., Zitman, F. G., Hoekstra, T., & Schouten, E. G. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.11.1126 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Oh, J., Weng, S., Felton, S. K., Bhandare, S., Riek, A. E., Butler, B., Proctor, B. M., Petty, M., Chen, Z., Schechtman, K. B., et al. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.856070 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Optimism and Rehospitalization After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
Scheier, M. F., Matthews, K. A., Owens, J. F., Schulz, R., Bridges, M. W., Magovern, G. J., & Carver, C. S. (1999) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.159.8.829 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Self-citationEaker, E. D., Pinsky, J. L., & Castelli, W. P. (1992) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116381 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Is Worrying Bad for Your Heart?
Kubzansky, L. D., Kawachi, I. I., Spiro, A., Weiss, S. T., Vokonas, P., & Sparrow, D. (1997) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.95.4.818 · Cited by 376 · see citing works
Räikkönen, K., Matthews, K. A., Flory, J. D., Owens, J. F., & Gump, B. B. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.1.104 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Self-citationBarefoot, J. C., Larsen, S., von der Lieth, L., & Schroll, M. (1995) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a117663 · Cited by 285 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Current high cholesterol 2789 (13) 2653 (12) 3002 (11) 2668 (10)”
Optimism in close relationships: How seeing things in a positive light makes them so.
Srivastava, S., McGonigal, K. M., Richards, J. M., Butler, E. A., & Gross, J. J. (2006) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.91.1.143 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Allison, P. J., Guichard, C., Fung, K., & Gilain, L. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.2003.10.092 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Are Hostility and Anxiety Associated With Carotid Atherosclerosis in Healthy Postmenopausal Women?
Matthews, K. A., Owens, J. F., Kuller, L. H., Sutton-Tyrrell, K., & Jansen-McWilliams, L. (1998) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-199809000-00021 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Self-citationMatthews, K. A., Räikkönen, K., Sutton-Tyrrell, K., & Kuller, L. H. (2004) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.psy.0000139999.99756.a5 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Self-citationCynicism, social support, and cardiovascular reactivity.
Lepore, S. J. (1995) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//0278-6133.14.3.210 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Giltay, E. J., Zitman, F. G., & Kromhout, D. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.12.027 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Gillum, R. F., Mussolino, M. E., & Madans, J. H. (1997) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-127-2-199707150-00003 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Usefulness of psychosocial treatment of mental stress-induced myocardial ischemia in men
Blumenthal, J. A., Babyak, M. A., Jiang, W., O’Connor, C. M., WAUGH, R. A., Eisenstein, E. L., Mark, D. B., Sherwood, A., Woodley, P. S., Irwin, R. J., et al. (2002) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9149(01)02194-4 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Friedman, M., Thoresen, C. E., Gill, J. J., Ulmer, D. K., Thompson, L., Powell, L. H., Price, V., Elek, S. R., Rabin, D. D., Breall, W. S., et al. (1982) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.66.1.83 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Cynicism, social support, and cardiovascular reactivity.
Lepore, S. J. (1995) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.14.3.210 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Matthews, K. A., Gump, B. B., Harris, K. F., Haney, T. L., & Barefoot, J. C. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000105766.33142.13 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationDiscrimination, dispositions, and cardiovascular responses to stress.
Richman, L. S., Bennett, G. G., Pek, J. C. X., Suarez, E. C., Siegler, I. C., & Williams, R. B. (2007) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.26.6.675 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Tinker, L. F., Rosal, M. C., Young, A. F., Perri, M. G., Patterson, R. E., Van Horn, L., Assaf, A. R., Bowen, D. J., Ockene, J., Hays, J., et al. (2007) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2007.04.010 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial support and cardiovascular reactivity
Christenfeld, N. J. S., & Gerin, W. (2000) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/s0753-3322(00)80067-0 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Physiological and neuropsychological correlates of hostility
Demaree, H. A., & Harrison, D. W. (1997) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(97)00053-5 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Cerebral activation, hostility, and cardiovascular control during mental stress
Shapiro, P. A., Sloan, R. P., Bagiella, E., et al. (2000) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(00)00100-8 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Chen, Y. Y., Gilligan, S., Coups, E. J., & Contrada, R. J. (2005) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2901_6 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Colombo, A., Latib, A., Airoldi, F., et al. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.109.866913 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Happy People Live Longer: Subjective Well‐Being Contributes to Health and Longevity
Diener, E., & Chan, M. Y. (2011) · Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/j.1758-0854.2010.01045.x · Cited by 2,260 · see citing works
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (2014) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2014.02.003 · Cited by 1,004 · see citing works
Boehm, J. K., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2012) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0027448 · Cited by 909 · see citing works
Levine, G. N., Cohen, B. E., Commodore-Mensah, Y., Fleury, J., Huffman, J. C., Khalid, U., Labarthe, D. R., Lavretsky, H., Michos, E. D., Spatz, E. S., et al. (2021) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000947 · Cited by 865 · see citing works
Does happiness itself directly affect mortality? The prospective UK Million Women Study
Liu, B., Floud, S., Pirie, K., Green, J., Peto, R., & Beral, V. (2016) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(15)01087-9 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Kim, E. S., Sun, J. K., Park, N., Kubzansky, L. D., & Peterson, C. (2013) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-012-9406-4 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Rozanski, A., Bavishi, C., Kubzansky, L. D., & Cohen, R. (2019) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.12200 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Optimism is associated with exceptional longevity in 2 epidemiologic cohorts of men and women
Lee, L. O., James, P., Zevon, E. S., Kim, E. S., Trudel-Fitzgerald, C., Spiro, A., Grodstein, F., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1900712116 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
DuBois, C. M., Lopez, O. V., Beale, E. E., Healy, B. C., Boehm, J. K., & Huffman, J. C. (2015) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.05.121 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Positive psychological attributes and cardiac outcomes: associations, mechanisms, and interventions
DuBois, C. M., Beach, S. R., Kashdan, T. B., Nyer, M. B., Park, E. R., Celano, C. M., & Huffman, J. C. (2012) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2012.04.004 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Development of a positive psychology intervention for patients with acute cardiovascular disease
Huffman, J. C., Mastromauro, C. A., Boehm, J. K., Seabrook, R., Fricchione, G. L., Denninger, J. W., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2011) · Heart International · doi:10.4081/hi.2011.e14 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Psychopharmacology and Cardiovascular Disease
Piña, I. L., Di Palo, K. E., & Ventura, H. O. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.03.458 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Population-based norms of the Life Orientation Test–Revised (LOT-R).
Schou-Bredal, I., Heir, T., Skogstad, L., Bonsaksen, T., Lerdal, A., Grimholt, T., & Ekeberg, Ø. (2017) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.07.005 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Huffman, J. C., Beale, E. E., Celano, C. M., Beach, S. R., Belcher, A. M., Moore, S. V., Suarez, L., Motiwala, S. R., Gandhi, P. U., Gaggin, H. K., et al. (2016) · Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.115.002184 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Feller, S., Teucher, B., Kaaks, R., Boeing, H., & Vigl, M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073462 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Nikrahan, G. R., Laferton, J. A. C., Asgari, K., Kalantari, M., Abedi, M. R., Etesampour, A., Rezaei, A., Suarez, L., & Huffman, J. C. (2016) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2016.02.007 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Optimism and Diet Quality in the Women's Health Initiative
Hingle, M. D., Wertheim, B. C., Tindle, H. A., Tinker, L., Seguin, R. A., Rosal, M. C., & Thomson, C. A. (2014) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2013.12.018 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationPänkäläinen, M., Kerola, T., Kampman, O., Kauppi, M., & Hintikka, J. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3764-8 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The prospective association between positive psychological well-being and diabetes
Boehm, J. K., Trudel-Fitzgerald, C., Kivimaki, M., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2015) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000200 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Positive Psychological Characteristics in Diabetes: A Review
Celano, C. M., Beale, E. E., Moore, S. V., Wexler, D. J., & Huffman, J. C. (2013) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-013-0430-8 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Mastery is associated with cardiovascular disease mortality in men and women at apparently low risk.
Surtees, P. G., Wainwright, N. W. J., Luben, R., Wareham, N. J., Bingham, S. A., & Khaw, K.-T. (2010) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019432 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Optimism and Cardiovascular Health: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
Hernandez, R., Kershaw, K. N., Siddique, J., Boehm, J. K., Kubzansky, L. D., Diez-Roux, A., Ning, H., & Lloyd-Jones, D. M. (2015) · Health Behavior and Policy Review · doi:10.14485/hbpr.2.1.6 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Puterman, E., Epel, E. S., Lin, J., Blackburn, E. H., Gross, J. J., Whooley, M. A., & Cohen, B. E. (2013) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2013.05.008 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Specific features of the oldest old from the Longevity Blue Zones in Ikaria and Sardinia
Poulain, M., Herm, A., Errigo, A., Chrysohoou, C., Legrand, R., Passarino, G., Stazi, M. A., Voutekatis, K. G., Gonos, E. S., Franceschi, C., et al. (2021) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/j.mad.2021.111543 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Nabi, H., Koskenvuo, M., Singh-Manoux, A., Korkeila, J., Suominen, S., Korkeila, K., Vahtera, J., & Kivimäki, M. (2010) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.109.565440 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Hakulinen, C., Jokela, M., Hintsanen, M., Merjonen, P., Pulkki-Råback, L., Seppälä, I., Lyytikäinen, L.-P., Lehtimäki, T., Kähönen, M., Viikari, J., et al. (2013) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-012-9452-y · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Psychological Well-being’s Link with Cardiovascular Health in Older Adults
Boehm, J. K., Soo, J., Chen, Y., Zevon, E. S., Hernandez, R., Lloyd-Jones, D., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2017) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.06.028 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Armon, G., Melamed, S., Shirom, A., Berliner, S., & Shapira, I. (2013) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.035 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Steca, P., Greco, A., Cappelletti, E., D’Addario, M., Monzani, D., Pancani, L., Ferrari, G., Politi, A., Gestra, R., Malfatto, G., et al. (2015) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-015-9698-z · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Kim, J. H., Islam, S. J., Topel, M. L., Ko, Y.-A., Mujahid, M. S., Vaccarino, V., Liu, C., Sims, M., Mubasher, M., Searles, C. D., et al. (2020) · Circulation: Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.120.006638 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Conradson, H. E., Hayden, K. A., Russell‐Mayhew, S., Raffin Bouchal, S., & King‐Shier, K. (2022) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.605 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
- Authors
- Tindle, H. A., Chang, Y.-F., Kuller, L. H., Manson, J. E., Robinson, J. G., Rosal, M. C., Siegle, G. J., & Matthews, K. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2009-08-25
- Volume
- 120
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 656-662
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- PMC
- PMC2901870
- OpenAlex
- W2107049851
- Cited by
- 483
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 52 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 34.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship@UMassChan (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- Women's Health Initiative
- National Institutes of Health (HL076852, HL076852/076858)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 076858, HL 076852, R24HL076852, R24HL076858)
- National Institute of Mental Health (K02MH082998)
- National Center for Research Resources (KL2RR024154)
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (L30 AT002496)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac Health and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- dispositional optimism, cynical hostility, coronary artery disease, cardiovascular mortality, cancer mortality, postmenopausal women, racial differences, Life Orientation Test-Revised, Women's Health Initiative
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Attitude, Coronary Disease, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Hostility, Humans, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Comorbidity, Incidence, Multivariate Analysis, Proportional Hazards Models, Women's Health, Age Distribution, Postmenopause, Black People, White People
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
