The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Prospective Study of Breakfast Eating and Incident Coronary Heart Disease in a Cohort of Male US Health Professionals
Open accessAbstract
Background—: Among adults, skipping meals is associated with excess body weight, hypertension, insulin resistance, and elevated fasting lipid concentrations. However, it remains unknown whether specific eating habits regardless of dietary composition influence coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. The objective of this study was to prospectively examine eating habits and risk of CHD. Methods and Results—: Eating habits, including breakfast eating, were assessed in 1992 in 26 902 American men 45 to 82 years of age from the Health Professionals Follow-up Study who were free of cardiovascular disease and cancer. During 16 years of follow-up, 1527 incident CHD cases were diagnosed. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate relative risks and 95% confidence intervals for CHD, adjusted for demographic, diet, lifestyle, and other CHD risk factors. Men who skipped breakfast had a 27% higher risk of CHD compared with men who did not (relative risk, 1.27; 95% confidence interval, 1.06–1.53). Compared with men who did not eat late at night, those who ate late at night had a 55% higher CHD risk (relative risk, 1.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.05–2.29). These associations were mediated by body mass index, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes mellitus. No association was observed between eating frequency (times per day) and risk of CHD. Conclusions—: Eating breakfast was associated with significantly lower CHD risk in this cohort of male health professionals.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The most common measure used to assess overall diet quality was a previously validated and reliability tested a priori diet quality index which reflects an individual's adherence to the dietary guidelines for the country of the sample population (for example, the Healthy Eating Index (HEI), the Alternative HEI (AHEI) and the Dietary Guidelines Index (DGI))( 23 , 28 , 86 , 88 – 90 , 92 , 94 ).”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“However, the lack of association in two of these latter studies may be explained by their respective study populations; overall diet quality was high among men in the US Health Professionals Follow-up study( 28 ) while Dewolfe & Millan( 91 ) used a small convenience sample of eighty-four female and twenty-one male older adults from a single region in Canada.”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“This may be an important area of research in light of preliminary evidence suggesting that the timing of energy and/or macronutrient intake during the day is associated with cardiometabolic risk( 27 , 28 , 99 , 100 ).”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“In the US Health Professionals Follow-up study, Cahill et al. ( 28 ) found no association between late night eating (defined as eating after going to bed) and AHEI scores; however, as mentioned previously, the authors acknowledged that AHEI scores were high in this sample, irrespective of their reported meal patterns.”
From Understanding meal patterns: definitions, methodology and impact on nutrient intake and diet quality (2015) · cites this paper as [28]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus* (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.2007.s5 · Cited by 10,324
Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus (1997) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.20.7.1183 · Cited by 6,220
Sontrop, J. M., Dixon, S. N., Garg, A. X., Jiménez, I. B., Dohein, O., Huang, S. S., & Clark, W. F. (2013) · American Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1159/000350377 · Cited by 5,903
Classification and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and other categories of glucose intolerance.
National Diabetes Data Group (1979) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.28.12.1039 · Cited by 4,909
Willett, W. C. (1998) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195122978.001.0001 · Cited by 4,541
Cardiovascular Survey Methods.
Rose, G., & Blackburn, H. (1968) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-69-6-1335_2 · Cited by 3,090
Adverse metabolic and cardiovascular consequences of circadian misalignment
Scheer, F. A. J. L., Hilton, M. F., Mantzoros, C. S., & Shea, S. A. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0808180106 · Cited by 2,351
Cappuccio, F. P., Cooper, D., D'Elia, L., Strazzullo, P., & Miller, M. A. (2011) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr007 · Cited by 2,146
Rimm, E. B., Giovannucci, E. L., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Litin, L. B., & Willett, W. C. (1992) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116211 · Cited by 2,104
Self-citationAlternative Dietary Indices Both Strongly Predict Risk of Chronic Disease
Chiuve, S. E., Fung, T. T., Rimm, E. B., Hu, F. B., McCullough, M. L., Wang, M., Stampfer, M. J., & Willett, W. C. (2012) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.111.157222 · Cited by 1,951
Self-citationProspective study of alcohol consumption and risk of coronary disease in men.
Rimm, E. B., Giovannucci, E. L., Willett, W. C., Colditz, G. A., Ascherio, A., Rosner, B., & Stampfer, M. J. (1991) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(91)90542-w · Cited by 1,239
Self-citationHu, F. B., Stampfer, M. J., Rimm, E., Ascherio, A., Rosner, B. A., Spiegelman, D., & Willett, W. C. (1999) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009849 · Cited by 1,085
Self-citationFeskanich, D., Rimm, E. B., Giovannucci, E. L., Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M. J., Litin, L. B., & Willett, W. C. (1993) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/0002-8223(93)91754-e · Cited by 1,070
Self-citationValidity of Self-Reported Waist and Hip Circumferences in Men and Women
Rimm, E. B., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Chute, C. G., Litin, L. B., & Willett, W. C. (1990) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199011000-00009 · Cited by 1,015
Self-citationCOLDITZ, G. A., MARTIN, P., STAMPFER, M. J., WILLETT, W. C., SAMPSON, L., ROSNER, B., HENNEKENS, C. H., & SPEIZER, F. E. (1986) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a114319 · Cited by 992 · cited 1×
“Validation against medical records has also shown that hypertension is accurately self-reported by HPFS participants,(22) and although the soundness of self-reported hypercholesterolemia has not been assessed in the HPFS, it has been successfully validated in a cohort of nurses using the same biennial questionnaire.(2…”
Circadian timing of food intake contributes to weight gain
Arble, D. M., Bass, J., Laposky, A. D., Vitaterna, M. H., & Turek, F. W. (2009) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2009.264 · Cited by 953
Vegetable, Fruit, and Cereal Fiber Intake and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease Among Men
Rimm, E. B. (1996) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03530300031036 · Cited by 889
Self-citationPhysical Activity and Television Watching in Relation to Risk for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Men
Hu, F. B., Leitzmann, M. F., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Willett, W. C., & Rimm, E. B. (2001) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.161.12.1542 · Cited by 828
Self-citationA prospective study of nutritional factors and hypertension among US men.
Ascherio, A., Rimm, E. B., Giovannucci, E. L., Colditz, G. A., ROSNER, B. A., Willett, W. C., Sacks, F. M., & Stampfer, M. J. (1992) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.86.5.1475 · Cited by 728
Self-citationThe human circadian metabolome
Dallmann, R., Viola, A. U., Tarokh, L., Cajochen, C., & Brown, S. A. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1114410109 · Cited by 566
Role of sleep timing in caloric intake and BMI
Baron, K. G., Reid, K. J., Kern, A. S., & Zee, P. C. (2011) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2011.100 · Cited by 549
Prospective study of shift work and risk of coronary heart disease in women
Kawachi, I., Colditz, G. A., Stampfer, M. J., Willett, W. C., Manson, J. E., Speizer, F. E., & Hennekens, C. H. (1995) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.92.11.3178 · Cited by 524
Nibbling versus gorging: metabolic advantages of increased meal frequency
Jenkins, D. J. A., Wolever, T. M. S., Vuksan, V., Brighenti, F., Cunnane, S. C., Rao, A. V., Jenkins, A. L., Buckley, G., Patten, R., Singer, W., et al. (1989) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198910053211403 · Cited by 467
Mortality among the elderly in the Alameda County Study: behavioral and demographic risk factors.
Kaplan, G. A., Seeman, T. E., Cohen, R. D., Knudsen, L. P., & Guralnik, J. M. (1987) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.77.3.307 · Cited by 455
Stote, K. S., Baer, D. J., Spears, K., Paul, D. R., Harris, G. K., Rumpler, W. V., Strycula, P., Najjar, S. S., Ferrucci, L., Ingram, D. K., et al. (2007) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.4.981 · Cited by 392
A prospective study of nutritional factors and hypertension among US men.
AAscherio, BRimm, E., LGiovannucci, E., AColditz, G., BRosner, CWillett, W., FSacks, & JStampfer, M. (1992) · Circulation · Cited by 348
Fish Consumption and Risk of Stroke in Men
He, K. (2002) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.288.24.3130 · Cited by 340
The Time of Day of Food Intake Influences Overall Intake in Humans
de Castro, J. M. (2004) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/134.1.104 · Cited by 329
Eating patterns and type 2 diabetes risk in men: Breakfast omission, eating frequency, and snacking
Mekary, R. A., Giovannucci, E., Willett, W. C., van Dam, R. M., & Hu, F. B. (2012) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.111.028209 · Cited by 325
Self-citationFarshchi, H. R., Taylor, M. A., & Macdonald, I. A. (2005) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn.81.2.388 · Cited by 302
Kant, A. K., & Graubard, B. I. (2006) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/84.5.1215 · Cited by 269
Is Consumption of Breakfast Associated with Body Mass Index in US Adults?
Song, W. O., Chun, O. K., Obayashi, S., Cho, S. S., & Chung, C. (2005) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/j.jada.2005.06.002 · Cited by 267
A Prospective Study of Breakfast Consumption and Weight Gain among U.S. Men
van der Heijden, A. A. W. A., Hu, F. B., Rimm, E. B., & van Dam, R. M. (2007) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2007.292 · Cited by 232
Self-citationShiftwork and Cardiovascular Disease: Review of Disease Mechanisms
Knutsson, A., & Bøggild, H. (2000) · Reviews on Environmental Health · doi:10.1515/reveh.2000.15.4.359 · Cited by 221
Shiftwork and myocardial infarction: a case-control study.
Knutsson, A., Hallquist, J., Reuterwall, C., Theorell, T., & Åkerstedt, T. (1999) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.56.1.46 · Cited by 208
Epidemiology of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Partinen, M., & Telakivi, T. (1992) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/15.suppl_6.s1 · Cited by 205
Breakfast: a review of associations with measures of dietary intake, physiology and biochemistry
Ruxton, C. H. S., & Kirk, T. R. (1997) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19970140 · Cited by 203
Circadian rhythms of the spontaneous meal pattern, macronutrient intake, and mood of humans
de Castro, J. M. (1987) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(87)90028-x · Cited by 185
The night‐eating syndrome and obesity
Gallant, A. R., Lundgren, J., & Drapeau, V. (2012) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2011.00975.x · Cited by 182
Snacks as an element of energy intake and food consumption
Ovaskainen, M.-L., Reinivuo, H., Tapanainen, H., Hannila, M.-L., Korhonen, T., & Pakkala, H. (2006) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602343 · Cited by 178
Astbury, N. M., Taylor, M. A., & Macdonald, I. A. (2011) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.110.128645 · Cited by 156
Trends in Breakfast Consumption if US Adults Between 1965 and 1991
Haines, P. S., Guilkey, D. K., & Popkin, B. M. (1996) · Journal of the American Dietetic Association · doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(96)00130-7 · Cited by 143
EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS MAILING STRATEGIES AMONG NONRESPONDENTS IN A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY
Rimm, E. B., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Giovannucci, E. L., & Willett, W. C. (1990) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115598 · Cited by 132
Self-citationWijndaele, K., Brage, S., Besson, H., Khaw, K.-T., Sharp, S. J., Luben, R., Bhaniani, A., Wareham, N. J., & Ekelund, U. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0020058 · Cited by 117
Vigorous physical activity, mediating biomarkers, and risk of myocardial infarction
CHOMISTEK, A. K., CHIUVE, S. E., JENSEN, M. K., COOK, N. R., & RIMM, E. B. (2011) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31821b4d0a · Cited by 99
Self-citationNocturnal Eating: Prevalence and Features in 120 Insomniac Referrals
Manni, R., Ratti, M. T., & Tartara, A. (1997) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/20.9.734 · Cited by 82
Circadian clock and vascular disease
Takeda, N., & Maemura, K. (2010) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/hr.2010.68 · Cited by 56
Potential Role for Plasma Placental Growth Factor in Predicting Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Women
Cassidy, A., Chiuve, S. E., Manson, J. E., Rexrode, K. M., Girman, C. J., & Rimm, E. B. (2008) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.108.171066 · Cited by 53
Self-citationKant, A. K., Ballard-Barbash, R. R., & Schatzkin, A. G. (1995) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.1995.10718521 · Cited by 36
Nibbling versus feasting: which meal pattern is better for heart disease prevention?
Bhutani, S., & Varady, K. A. (2009) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00231.x · Cited by 29
Obstructive sleep apnea as a cause of nocturnal eating
Amchentsev, A., Kurugundla, N., & Lombardo, G. (2009) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2009.04.008 · Cited by 3
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Metabolic Effects of Intermittent Fasting
Patterson, R. E., & Sears, D. D. (2017) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064634 · Cited by 810
St-Onge, M.-P., Ard, J., Baskin, M. L., Chiuve, S. E., Johnson, H. M., Kris-Etherton, P., & Varady, K. (2017) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000476 · Cited by 728
Self-citationStekovic, S., Hofer, S. J., Tripolt, N., Aon, M. A., Royer, P., Pein, L., Stadler, J. T., Pendl, T., Prietl, B., Url, J., et al. (2019) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2019.07.016 · Cited by 412
Time-Restricted Eating to Prevent and Manage Chronic Metabolic Diseases
Chaix, A., Manoogian, E. N. C., Melkani, G. C., & Panda, S. (2019) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-082018-124320 · Cited by 424
INTERMITTENT FASTING AND HUMAN METABOLIC HEALTH
Patterson, R. E., Laughlin, G. A., LaCroix, A. Z., Hartman, S. J., Natarajan, L., Senger, C. M., Martínez, M. E., Villaseñor, A., Sears, D. D., Marinac, C. R., et al. (2015) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.02.018 · Cited by 390
Metadata
- Authors
- Cahill, L. E., Chiuve, S. E., Mekary, R. A., Jensen, M. K., Flint, A. J., Hu, F. B., & Rimm, E. B.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2013-07-23
- Volume
- 128
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 337-343
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- PMC
- PMC3797523
- OpenAlex
- W1987657839
- Cited by
- 317
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 14.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL060712, R01HL035464, R01 HL35464, R01HL60712)
- National Cancer Institute (P01CA055075)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (T32DK007703)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- breakfast skipping, coronary artery disease, dietary habits, late-night eating, meal frequency, body mass index, hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular risk factors, Health Professionals Follow-up Study
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Coronary Disease, Feeding Behavior, Follow-Up Studies, Health Personnel, Humans, Life Style, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, United States, Incidence, Multivariate Analysis, Proportional Hazards Models, Age Distribution, Breakfast
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
