A controlled trial of reduced meal frequency without caloric restriction in healthy, normal-weight, middle-aged adults
Open accessAbstract
Background Although consumption of 3 meals/d is the most common pattern of eating in industrialized countries, a scientific rationale for this meal frequency with respect to optimal health is lacking. A diet with less meal frequency can improve the health and extend the lifespan of laboratory animals, but its effect on humans has never been tested.Objective A pilot study was conducted to establish the effects of a reduced-meal-frequency diet on health indicators in healthy, normal-weight adults.Design The study was a randomized crossover design with two 8-wk treatment periods. During the treatment periods, subjects consumed all of the calories needed for weight maintenance in either 3 meals/d or 1 meal/d.Results Subjects who completed the study maintained their body weight within 2 kg of their initial weight throughout the 6-mo period. There were no significant effects of meal frequency on heart rate, body temperature, or most of the blood variables measured. However, when consuming 1 meal/d, subjects had a significant increase in hunger; a significant modification of body composition, including reductions in fat mass; significant increases in blood pressure and in total, LDL-, and HDL-cholesterol concentrations; and a significant decrease in concentrations of cortisol.Conclusions Normal-weight subjects are able to comply with a 1 meal/d diet. When meal frequency is decreased without a reduction in overall calorie intake, modest changes occur in body composition, some cardiovascular disease risk factors, and hematologic variables. Diurnal variations may affect outcomes.
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When comparing levels of underreporting in children and adults, it has been shown that the percentage of children who underreport energy intake is usually somewhat smaller compared with adults.
“When comparing the levels of underreporting in children and adults, it has been shown that the percentage of children who underreport energy intake is usually somewhat smaller compared with adults (72) , which may in part also contribute to the differences in findings observed for children and adults with regards to meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences.”
From Meal irregularity and cardiometabolic consequences: results from observational and intervention studies (2016) · cites this paper as [72]
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“A previous study reported that one meal per day resulted in increased total cholesterol, HDL-C and LDL-C concentrations, whereas TGs were decreased (Stote et al., 2007).”
Background
- Authors
- Stote, K. S., Baer, D. J., Spears, K., Paul, D. R., Harris, G. K., Rumpler, W. V., Strycula, P., Najjar, S. S., Ferrucci, L., Ingram, D. K., Longo, D. L., & Mattson, M. P.
- Affiliations
- Agricultural Research Service (US)
- Corresponding author
- Baer, David J
- ORCID
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-04
- Volume
- 85
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 981-988
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2645638
- OpenAlex
- W2129074350
- Cited by
- 392
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 AG999999)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- meal frequency, caloric restriction, weight maintenance, hunger, body composition, fat mass, blood pressure, cholesterol, cortisol, cardiovascular risk factors, diurnal variation, normal-weight individuals, dietary adherence
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Blood Chemical Analysis, Blood Pressure, Body Composition, Energy Intake, Cholesterol, Circadian Rhythm, Eating, Female, Humans, Hunger, Hydrocortisone, Male, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Risk Factors, Time Factors, Biomarkers, Cross-Over Studies
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