Physical Activity and Heart Rate Variability in Older Adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Cardiac mortality and electrophysiological dysfunction both increase with age. Heart rate variability (HRV) provides indices of autonomic function and electrophysiology that are associated with cardiac risk. How habitual physical activity among older adults prospectively relates to HRV, including nonlinear indices of erratic sinus patterns, is not established. We hypothesized that increasing the levels of both total leisure-time activity and walking would be prospectively associated with more favorable time-domain, frequency-domain, and nonlinear HRV measures in older adults. METHODS AND RESULTS: We evaluated serial longitudinal measures of both physical activity and 24-hour Holter HRV over 5 years among 985 older US adults in the community-based Cardiovascular Health Study. After multivariable adjustment, greater total leisure-time activity, walking distance, and walking pace were each prospectively associated with specific, more favorable HRV indices, including higher 24-hour standard deviation of all normal-to-normal intervals (Ptrend=0.009, 0.02, 0.06, respectively) and ultralow-frequency power (Ptrend=0.02, 0.008, 0.16, respectively). Greater walking pace was also associated with a higher short-term fractal scaling exponent (Ptrend=0.003) and lower Poincaré ratio (Ptrend=0.02), markers of less erratic sinus patterns. CONCLUSIONS: Greater total leisure-time activity, and walking alone, as well, were prospectively associated with more favorable and specific indices of autonomic function in older adults, including several suggestive of more normal circadian fluctuations and less erratic sinoatrial firing. Our results suggest potential mechanisms that might contribute to lower cardiovascular mortality with habitual physical activity later in life.
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Potential confounds such as physical activity, yoga, meditation, and other lifestyle factors may contribute to the present results.
“Even though we controlled for sleep quality and quantity and BMI, there are also potential confounds that may contribute to the present results, such as the practice of physical activity83, yoga84 or meditation85 and other lifestyle factors that are likely to influence HRV86,such as sedentariness87, a factor that is independent of physical inactivity88.”
From Benefits from one session of deep and slow breathing on vagal tone and anxiety in young and older adults (2021) · cites this paper as [83]
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- Authors
- Soares-Miranda, L., Sattelmair, J., Chaves, P., Duncan, G. E., Siscovick, D. S., Stein, P. K., & Mozaffarian, D.
- Affiliations
- From the Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (L.S.-M., J.S., D.M.); Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal (L.S.-M.); Benjamin Leon Center for Geriatric Research and Education and Department of Medicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL (P.C.); Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (G.E.D., D.S.S.); Department of Medicine,...
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2014-05-27
- Volume
- 129
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 2100-2110
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- PMC
- PMC4038662
- OpenAlex
- W1997588201
- Cited by
- 228
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 12.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01hc085082-026, n01hc085081-021, n01hc085079-024, n01hc085083-027, n01hc085080-026, n01hc085086-022, n01hc55222-0-0-0)
- National Institute on Aging (R56AG023629, AG023629, R01AG023629)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (N01 HC085086, N0-1-HC-85239, N01 HC085079, N01 HC085083, N01 HC085080, N01 HC55222, HHSN268201200036C, N01HC085082, U01HL080295, N01 HC055222, N01 HC085081, HL080295, R01HL080295)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- heart rate variability, physical activity, older adults, leisure-time activities, walking, walking speed, autonomic function, fractal scaling exponent, circadian rhythm, cardiovascular mortality, nonlinear HRV measures
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Status, Heart Rate, Humans, Leisure Activities, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Motor Activity, Prospective Studies, Electrocardiography, Ambulatory, Walking
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