The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Pay Enough or Don't Pay at All*
Abstract
Economists usually assume that monetary incentives improve performance, and psychologists claim that the opposite may happen. We present and discuss a set of experiments designed to test these contrasting claims. We found that the effect of monetary compensation on performance was not monotonic. In the treatments in which money was offered, a larger amount yielded a higher performance. However, offering money did not always produce an improvement: subjects who were offered monetary incentives performed more poorly than those who were offered no compensation. Several possible interpretations of the results are discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Financial rewards can weaken or even reverse the behaviors ' social signals, because rewards may create doubt about why the person engaged in the action and decrease both motivation and actual behavior (Gneezy and Rustichini 2000).”
From Unintended reward costs: the effectiveness of customer referral reward programs for innovative products and services (2019) · cites this paper as Gneezy and Rustichini 2000
Citations
Cites
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Festinger, L. (1957) · doi:10.1515/9781503620766 · Cited by 24,241 · cited 2×
“Another explanation was provided along the lines of Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory (see Festinger, 1957 ).”
A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance
Morvan, C., & O’Connor, A. (2017) · Macat Library eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781912282432 · Cited by 18,284
The psychology of interpersonal relations
Heider, F. (1958) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2089062 · Cited by 17,189
The psychology of interpersonal relations.
Heider, F. (1958) · doi:10.1037/10628-000 · Cited by 13,457
Kilzer, E., & Skinner, B. F. (1953) · The American Catholic Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/3707860 · Cited by 8,940
Moffitt, R. (2009) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.99.2.660 · Cited by 4,888
Effects of externally mediated rewards on intrinsic motivation.
Deci, E. L. (1971) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0030644 · Cited by 4,170
Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: 1955
Feshbach, S., & Jones, M. R. (1957) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1419253 · Cited by 3,842
(1967) · Cited by 3,831
Labor Contracts as Partial Gift Exchange
Akerlof, G. A. (1982) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.2307/1885099 · Cited by 3,210
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Bewley T., 1995, American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, 250
- 10.2307/1170677 · DOI · Paper page
- - Intrinsic Motivation (New York and London: Plenum Press, 1975).
- 10.1037/0003-066X.51.11.1153 · DOI · Paper page
- Fehr E., 1996, Econometrica, 833
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 997
Market Reasoning as Moral Reasoning: Why Economists Should Re-engage with Political Philosophy
Sandel, M. J. (2013) · The Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.27.4.121 · Cited by 231
How to Evaluate Trust in AI-Assisted Decision Making? A Survey of Empirical Methodologies
Vereschak, O., Bailly, G., & Caramiaux, B. (2021) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3476068 · Cited by 229
Lacetera, N., & Macis, M. (2010) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2010.05.007 · Cited by 227
Benabou, R., & Tirole, J. (2011) · doi:10.3386/w17579 · Cited by 227
Hajkowicz, S. A. (2008) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2008.06.004 · Cited by 225
Will There Be Blood? Incentives and Displacement Effects in Pro-Social Behavior
Lacetera, N., Macis, M., & Slonim, R. (2012) · American Economic Journal: Economic Policy · doi:10.1257/pol.4.1.186 · Cited by 222
Working for the “warm glow”: On the benefits and limits of prosocial incentives
Imas, A. (2013) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2013.11.006 · Cited by 222
Does monitoring decrease work effort?
Dickinson, D. L., & Villeval, M. C. (2007) · Games and Economic Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.geb.2007.08.004 · Cited by 221
Do professionals choke under pressure?
Dohmen, T. (2006) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2005.12.004 · Cited by 228
Wan, J., Lu, Y., Wang, B., & Zhao, L. (2016) · Information & Management · doi:10.1016/j.im.2016.12.007 · Cited by 223
Berger, J. A., & Pope, D. G. (2011) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.1110.1328 · Cited by 225
Risk, Uncertainty, and Entrepreneurship: Evidence from a Lab-in-the-Field Experiment
Koudstaal, M., Sloof, R., & van Praag, M. (2015) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2015.2249 · Cited by 228
Field interventions for climate change mitigation behaviors: A second-order meta-analysis
Bergquist, M., Thiel, M., Goldberg, M. H., & van der Linden, S. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2214851120 · Cited by 248
A Survey of Economic Theories and Field Evidence on Pro-Social Behavior
Meier, S. (2007) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/2604.003.0007 · Cited by 211
Maughan, B. C., Hersh, E. V., Shofer, F. S., Wanner, K. J., Archer, E., Carrasco, L., & Rhodes, K. V. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.016 · Cited by 204
Kuang, L., Huang, N., Hong, Y., & Yan, Z. (2019) · Journal of Management Information Systems · doi:10.1080/07421222.2018.1550564 · Cited by 208
How important is pro-social behaviour in the delivery of public services?
Gregg, P., Grout, P. A., Ratcliffe, A., Smith, S. S., & Windmeijer, F. (2011) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2011.03.002 · Cited by 199
Behavioral economics of education
Koch, A. K., Julia Nafziger, B., & Nielsen, H. S. (2014) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2014.09.005 · Cited by 217
Optimal Contracting with Endogenous Social Norms
Fischer, P. E., & Huddart, S. J. (2008) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.98.4.1459 · Cited by 189
Reclaiming Virtue Ethics for Economics
Bruni, L., & Sugden, R. (2013) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.27.4.141 · Cited by 191
A Revised Conceptual Framework for Payments for Environmental Services
Sommerville, M., Jones, J. P. G., & Milner‐Gulland, E. J. (2009) · Ecology and Society · doi:10.5751/es-03064-140234 · Cited by 195
Economic Theory and Experimental Economics
Samuelson, L. (2005) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/0022051053737816 · Cited by 274
Effort and Comparison Income: Experimental and Survey Evidence
Clark, A. E., David Masclet, B., & Villeval, M. C. (2010) · Industrial and Labor Relations Review · doi:10.1177/001979391006300303 · Cited by 188
Overconfident: Do You Put Your Money on It?
Hoelzl, E., & Rustichini, A. (2005) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2005.00990.x · Cited by 175
Self-citationConsumer support for environmental policies: An application to purchases of green cars
Coad, A., de Haan, P., & Woersdorfer, J. S. (2009) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.01.015 · Cited by 183
Key issues in the design of pay for performance programs
Eijkenaar, F. (2011) · The European Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1007/s10198-011-0347-6 · Cited by 194
From Growth to Green Growth - a Framework
Stéphane Hallegatte, A., Heal, G., Fay, M., & Tréguer, D. (2012) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w17841 · Cited by 181
Promoting cooperation in the field
Kraft-Todd, G., Yoeli, E., Bhanot, S., & Rand, D. (2015) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.02.006 · Cited by 178
Does Public Policy Crowd Out Private Contributions to Public Goods
Nyborg, K., & Rege, M. S. (2003) · Public Choice · doi:10.1023/a:1024245522958 · Cited by 179
Bellè, N. (2015) · Public Administration Review · doi:10.1111/puar.12313 · Cited by 185
Can you get what you pay for? Pay-for-performance and the quality of healthcare providers
Mullen, K. J., Frank, R. G., & Rosenthal, M. B. (2010) · The RAND Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/j.1756-2171.2009.00090.x · Cited by 175
Kessler, J. B., & Milkman, K. L. (2016) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2016.2582 · Cited by 170
Ellingsen, T., & Johannesson, M. (2007) · The Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.21.4.135 · Cited by 179
Bowles, S., & Hwang, S. (2008) · Journal of Public Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jpubeco.2008.03.006 · Cited by 176
Paying to Learn: The Effect of Financial Incentives on Elementary School Test Scores
Bettinger, E. (2011) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_00217 · Cited by 172
The Hidden Costs and Returns of Incentives - Trust and Trustworthiness Among CEOSPreprint
Fehr, E., & List, J. A. (2003) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.364480 · Cited by 169
Deserranno, E. (2017) · American Economic Journal Applied Economics · doi:10.1257/app.20170670 · Cited by 172
From mechanism to virtue: Evaluating Nudge theory
Kosters, M., & van der Heijden, J. (2015) · Evaluation · doi:10.1177/1356389015590218 · Cited by 167
Motives for Corporate Social Responsibility
Graafland, J. J., & Schouten, C. M.-V. D. D. (2012) · De Economist · doi:10.1007/s10645-012-9198-5 · Cited by 177
Ipeirotis, P. G., & Gabrilovich, E. (2014) · International World Wide Web Conference (WWW) · doi:10.1145/2566486.2567988 · Cited by 165
Is a Donor in Hand Better than Two in the Bush? Evidence from a Natural Field Experiment
Landry, C. E., Lange, A., List, J. A., Price, M., & Rupp, N. G. (2010) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.100.3.958 · Cited by 165
Incentive Mechanisms for Participatory Sensing
Restuccia, F., Das, S. K., & Payton, J. (2016) · ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks · doi:10.1145/2888398 · Cited by 186
Improving the Efficacy of Games for Change Using Personalization Models
Orji, R., Mandryk, R. L., & Vassileva, J. (2017) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3119929 · Cited by 177
Professionalism and the know‐do gap: exploring intrinsic motivation among health workers in Tanzania
Leonard, K. L., & Masatu, M. C. (2009) · Health Economics · doi:10.1002/hec.1564 · Cited by 158
Can Small Incentives Have Large Effects? The Impact of Taxes versus Bonuses on Disposable Bag Use
Homonoff, T. A. (2018) · American Economic Journal Economic Policy · doi:10.1257/pol.20150261 · Cited by 173
Field Experiments in Labor Economics
List, J. A., & Imran Rasul, A. (2011) · Handbook of labour economics · doi:10.1016/s0169-7218(11)00408-4 · Cited by 163
The Method of Experimental Economics
Croson, R. T. A. (2005) · International Negotiation · doi:10.1163/1571806054741100 · Cited by 154
The Impact of Incentives on Exercise Behavior: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials
Strohacker, K. A., Galárraga, O., & Williams, D. M. (2013) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-013-9577-4 · Cited by 166
Environmental Policy Theory Given Bounded Rationality and Other-regarding Preferences
Gsottbauer, E., & van den Bergh, J. C. J. M. (2010) · Environmental and Resource Economics · doi:10.1007/s10640-010-9433-y · Cited by 161
Cognitive reflection test: Whom, how, when
Brañas‐Garza, P., Kujal, P., & Lenkei, B. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics · doi:10.1016/j.socec.2019.101455 · Cited by 158
The Dynamics of Behavior Change: Evidence from Energy Conservation
Asensio, O. I., & Delmas, M. A. (2015) · Academy of Management Proceedings · doi:10.5465/ambpp.2015.17915abstract · Cited by 170
Working When No One Is Watching: Motivation, Test Scores, and Economic Success
Segal, C. (2012) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.1110.1509 · Cited by 191
Feeling Good About Giving: The Benefits (and Costs) of Self-Interested Charitable BehaviorPreprint
Anik, L., Aknin, L. B., Norton, M. I., & Dunn, E. W. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1444831 · Cited by 150
A systematic review of motivational values and conservation success in and around protected areas
Cetas, E. R., & Yasué, M. (2016) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.12770 · Cited by 155
Interdependent Utilities: How Social Ranking Affects Choice Behavior
Bault, N., Coricelli, G., & Rustichini, A. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003477 · Cited by 153
Self-citationA Survey of General-Purpose Crowdsourcing Techniques
Chittilappilly, A. I., Chen, L., & Amer-Yahia, S. (2016) · IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering · doi:10.1109/tkde.2016.2555805 · Cited by 147
Adoption of Energy-Efficient Home Appliances: Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior
Bhutto, M. Y., Liu, X., Soomro, Y. A., Ertz, M., & Baeshen, Y. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13010250 · Cited by 145
Psychological Foundations of IncentivesPreprint
Fehr, E., & Falk, A. (2001) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.294287 · Cited by 144
James, H. S. (2005) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2004.11.002 · Cited by 143
Angner, E., & Loewenstein, G. F. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-51676-3.50022-1 · Cited by 150
Being of two minds: Ultimatum offers under cognitive constraints
Cappelletti, D., Güth, W., & Ploner, M. (2011) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2011.08.001 · Cited by 134
Intrinsic Motivation, Norms and Environmental Behaviour: The Dynamics of Overarching Goals
Steg, L., Lindenberg, S. M., & Keizer, K. (2016) · International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics · doi:10.1561/101.00000077 · Cited by 157
Payments for Ecosystem Services as Incentives for Collective Action
Muradian, R. S. (2013) · Society & Natural Resources · doi:10.1080/08941920.2013.820816 · Cited by 151
Experimental methods: Measuring effort in economics experiments
Charness, G. B., Uri Gneezy, B., & Henderson, A. (2018) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2018.02.024 · Cited by 137
From Growth to Green Growth-A Framework
Heal, G., Stéphane Hallegatte, A., Tréguer, D., & Fay, M. (2011) · doi:10.1596/1813-9450-5872 · Cited by 141
Playing the Admissions Game: Student Reactions to Increasing College Competition
Bound, J., Hershbein, B. J., & Long, B. T. (2009) · The Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.23.4.119 · Cited by 147
The Effect of Recycling versus Trashing on Consumption: Theory and Experimental Evidence
Sun, M., & Trudel, R. (2016) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1509/jmr.15.0574 · Cited by 148
Osterloh, M., & Frey, B. S. (2014) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x14524957 · Cited by 145
Martin, A., & Olson, K. R. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615568998 · Cited by 141
Using Incentives to Encourage Healthy Eating in Children
Just, D. R., & Price, J. (2013) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.1353/jhr.2013.0029 · Cited by 128
Prosocial Motivation and Incentives
Besley, T. J., & Ghatak, M. (2018) · Annual Review of Economics · doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-063016-103739 · Cited by 135
The economics of non-attendance and the expected effect of charging a fine on non-attendees
Bech, M. (2005) · Health Policy · doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2005.01.001 · Cited by 131
Incentives and Prosocial BehaviorPreprint
Bénabou, R., & Jean Tirole, Z. (2005) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.639043 · Cited by 131
Prosocial behavior and incentives: Evidence from field experiments in rural Mexico and Tanzania
Kerr, J. M., Vardhan, M., & Jindal, R. (2011) · Ecological Economics · doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.10.031 · Cited by 130
Lab Labor: What Can Labor Economists Learn from the Lab?
Charness, G., & Kuhn, P. (2010) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w15913 · Cited by 133
Goal Setting and Monetary Incentives: When Large Stakes Are Not Enough
Corgnet, B., Gómez‐Miñambres, J., & Hérnan-Gonzalez, R. (2015) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2014.2068 · Cited by 129
Kessler, J. B., & Leider, S. (2011) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.1110.1341 · Cited by 129
van den Broek, K. L., Bolderdijk, J. W., & Steg, L. (2017) · Journal of Environmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.07.009 · Cited by 141
Carruthers, P. (2015) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2015.04.009 · Cited by 133
What motivates physicians to share free health information on online health platforms?
Zhang, X., Guo, F., Xu, T., & Li, Y. (2019) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2019.102166 · Cited by 132
Bank Directors’ Perceptions of Expanded Auditor's Reports
Boolaky, P. K., & Quick, R. (2016) · International Journal of Auditing · doi:10.1111/ijau.12063 · Cited by 130
Altruism and egoism in investment decisions
Brodback, D., Guenster, N. K., & Mezger, D. (2019) · Review of Financial Economics · doi:10.1002/rfe.1053 · Cited by 128
Happiness and ProductivityPreprint
Oswald, A. J., Proto, E., & Sgroi, D. (2009) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1526075 · Cited by 127
Financial Incentives and Student Achievement: Evidence from Randomized Trials
Fryer, R. G. (2010) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w15898 · Cited by 127
Rewarding Volunteers: A Field Experiment
Lacetera, N., Macis, M., & Slonim, R. L. (2014) · Management Sciences · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2013.1826 · Cited by 116
The Hidden Advantage of Delegation: Pareto Improvements in a Gift Exchange Game
Charness, G. B., Cobo‐Reyes, R., Jiménez, N., Lacomba, J. A., & Lagos, F. M. (2012) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.102.5.2358 · Cited by 126
Practical wisdom and organizations
Schwartz, B. N. (2011) · Research in Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.riob.2011.09.001 · Cited by 125
Changing commuters’ behavior using rewards: A study of rush-hour avoidance
Ben-Elia, E., & Ettema, D. (2011) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2011.04.003 · Cited by 132
Rothman, S. M., & Rothman, D. J. (2006) · American Journal of Transplantation · doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2006.01325.x · Cited by 124
Wages or Fringes? Some Evidence on Trade-Offs and Sorting
Eriksson, T., & Kristensen, N. (2014) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/676662 · Cited by 130
The effects of money saliency and sustainability orientation on reward based crowdfunding success
Chan, H. F., Moy, N., Schaffner, M., & Torgler, B. (2019) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.037 · Cited by 129
THE EFFECT OF FINANCIAL REWARDS ON STUDENTS' ACHIEVEMENT: EVIDENCE FROM A RANDOMIZED EXPERIMENT4
Leuven, E., Oosterbeek, H., & van der Klaauw, B. (2010) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1111/j.1542-4774.2010.tb00554.x · Cited by 181
The heterogeneous effects of environmental taxation on green technologies
Tchórzewska, K. B., García‐Quevedo, J., & Ros, E. M. (2022) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2022.104541 · Cited by 123
Field Experiments in Economics: The Past, The Present, and The Future
Levitt, S. D., & List, J. A. (2008) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w14356 · Cited by 127
Interim Rank, Risk Taking, and Performance in Dynamic Tournaments
Christos Genakos, B., & Pagliero, M. (2012) · Journal of Political Economy · doi:10.1086/668502 · Cited by 122
TOWARDS AN ECONOMICS OF AWARDS
Frey, B. S., & Gallus, J. (2015) · Journal of Economic Surveys · doi:10.1111/joes.12127 · Cited by 121
Adding a Stick to the Carrot? The Interaction of Bonuses and Fines
Fehr, E., & Schmidt, K. M. (2007) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.97.2.177 · Cited by 120
Selling Out: The Inauthenticity Discount in the Craft Beer Industry
Frake, J. (2016) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2016.2517 · Cited by 122
Social Interaction in Responsibility Ascription: The Case of Household Recycling
Brekke, K. A., Kipperberg, G., & Nyborg, K. (2010) · Land Economics · doi:10.3368/le.86.4.766 · Cited by 121
Screening, Competition, and Job Design: Economic Origins of Good Jobs
Bartling, B., Fehr, E., & Schmidt, K. M. (2012) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.102.2.834 · Cited by 120
Metadata
- Authors
- Gneezy, U., & Rustichini, A.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- ORCID
- Rustichini, Aldo
- Venue
- Quarterly Journal of Economics
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2000-08
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 791-810
- ISSN
- 0033-5533 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-4650
- OpenAlex
- W2168112513
- Cited by
- 2,175
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 70 · 2023: 127 · 2022: 78 · 2021: 126 · 2020: 93 · 2019: 111 · 2018: 93 · 2017: 119 · 2016: 138 · 2015: 140 · 2014: 132 · 2013: 129 · 2012: 109
- FWCI
- 57.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Quarterly Journal of Economics (publishedVersion)
- Research portal (Tilburg University) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Accounting › Accounting and Organizational Management
- Keywords
- financial incentives, financial compensation, performance, incentive effects, non-monetary incentives, non-monotonic effects
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
