On the developmental timing of stress: delineating sex-specific effects of stress across development on adult behavior.
Open accessAbstract
Stress, and the chronic overactivation of major stress hormones, is associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders. However, clinical literature on the exact role of stress either as a causative, triggering, or modulatory factor to mental illness remains unclear. We suggest that the impact of stress on the brain and behavior is heavily dependent on the developmental timing at which the stress has occurred, and as such, this may contribute to the overall variability reported on the association of stress and mental illness. Here, animal models provide a way to comprehensively assess the temporal impact of stress on behavior in a controlled manner. This review particularly focuses on the long-term impact of stress on behavior in various rodent stress models at three major developmental time points: early life, adolescence, and adulthood. We characterize the various stressor paradigms into physical, social, and pharmacological, and discuss commonalities and differences observed across these various stress-inducing methods. In addition, we discuss here how sex can influence the impact of stress at various developmental time points. We conclude here that early postnatal life and adolescence represent particular periods of vulnerability, but that stress exposure during early life can sometimes lead to resilience, particularly to fear-potentiated memories. In the adult brain, while shorter periods of stress tended to enhance spatial memory, longer periods caused impairments. Overall, males tended to be more vulnerable to the long-term effects of early life and adolescent stress, albeit very few studies incorporate both sexes, and further well-powered sex comparisons are needed.
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Males are more affected than females in a broad range of behavioral domains following early postnatal manipulations of maternal care in rodents.
“Focusing on early postnatal manipulations of maternal care in rodents as a model for ELS, it seems that males are more affected than females in a broad range of behavioral domains (Loi et al., 2017; Schroeder et al., 2018).”
From Effects of Maternal Deprivation and Complex Housing on Rat Social Behavior in Adolescence and Adulthood (2018) · cites this paper as Schroeder et al., 2018
The Conclusions (section 6; page not provided) say that males seem more susceptible to early-life stress than females, but qualify this as based on only a few sex-specific studies. Section 2 reports greater effects in males for behavioral despair and alcohol preference after postnatal stress; it does not establish greater effects in males across a broad range of behavioral domains, and also describes a combined-stress model in which females showed anhedonia. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Correction for McEwen, Brain on stress: How the social environment gets under the skin
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- Authors
- Schroeder, A., Notaras, M., Du, X., & Hill, R. A.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- Center for Neurogenetics, Brain & Mind Research Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Corresponding author
- Hill, Rachel A.
- Venue
- Brain Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2018-06-29
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 121
- ISSN
- 2076-3425 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6071226
- OpenAlex
- W2811244523
- Cited by
- 50
- References
- 199
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 0.65
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Monash University Research Portal (Monash University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Health and Medical Research Council (1062826)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- sex differences, early life stress, adolescent stress, adult stress, stress hormones, neuropsychiatric disorders, social stress, pharmacological stress, spatial memory, resilience, postnatal development
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