Leptin rapidly suppresses insulin release from insulinoma cells, rat and human islets and, in vivo, in mice.
Open accessAbstract
Obesity is associated with diabetes, and leptin is known to be elevated in obesity. To investigate whether leptin has a direct effect on insulin secretion, isolated rat and human islets and cultured insulinoma cells were studied. In all cases, mouse leptin inhibited insulin secretion at concentrations within the plasma range reported in humans. Insulin mRNA expression was also suppressed in the cultured cells and rat islets. The long form of the leptin receptor (OB-Rb) mRNA was present in the islets and insulinoma cell lines. To determine the significance of these findings in vivo, normal fed mice were injected with two doses of leptin. A significant decrease in plasma insulin and associated rise in glucose concentration were observed. Fasted normal and leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice showed no response to leptin. A dose of leptin, which mimicked that found in normal mice, was administered to leptin-deficient, hyperinsulinemic ob/ob mice. This caused a marked lowering of plasma insulin concentration and a doubling of plasma glucose. Thus, leptin has a powerful acute inhibitory effect on insulin secretion. These results suggest that the action of leptin may be one mechanism by which excess adipose tissue could acutely impair carbohydrate metabolism.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Leptin receptor mRNA is expressed in pancreatic islets and its stimulation reduces insulin secretion via activation of KATP-channels, preventing Ca2+-influx and subsequent signaling.
“However, leptin receptor (Ob-R) mRNA expression was also observed in pancreatic islets254 and its stimulation caused a reduction in insulin secretion255, 256, 257 due to the activation of KATP-channels, which in turn prevented Ca2+-influx258 and the subsequent signaling pathway.”
From Pancreatic regulation of glucose homeostasis. (2016) · cites this paper as [256]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Single-Step Method of RNA Isolation by Acid Guanidinium Thiocyanate–Phenol–Chloroform Extraction
Chomczynski, P., & Sacchi, N. (1987) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1006/abio.1987.9999 · Cited by 65,240 · see citing works
Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidinium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction
Chomczyński, P., & Sacchi, N. (1987) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0003-2697(87)90021-2 · Cited by 47,092 · see citing works
Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue
Zhang, Y., Proenca, R., Maffei, M., Barone, M., Leopold, L., & Friedman, J. M. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/372425a0 · Cited by 13,419 · see citing works
Serum Immunoreactive-Leptin Concentrations in Normal-Weight and Obese Humans
Considine, R. V., Sinha, M. K., Heiman, M. L., Kriauciunas, A., Stephens, T. W., Nyce, M. R., Ohannesian, J. P., Marco, C. C., McKee, L. J., Bauer, T. L., et al. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199602013340503 · Cited by 6,326 · see citing works
Weight-Reducing Effects of the Plasma Protein Encoded by the <i>obese</i> Gene
Halaas, J. L., Gajiwala, K. S., Maffei, M., Cohen, S. L., Chait, B. T., Rabinowitz, D., Lallone, R. L., Burley, S. K., & Friedman, J. M. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7624777 · Cited by 4,451 · see citing works
Effects of the <i>obese</i> Gene Product on Body Weight Regulation in <i>ob</i> / <i>ob</i> Mice
Pelleymounter, M. A., Cullen, M. J., Baker, M. B., Hecht, R., Winters, D., Boone, T., & Collins, F. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7624776 · Cited by 4,017 · see citing works
Maffei, M., Halaas, J., Ravussin, E., Pratley, R. E., Lee, G. H., Zhang, Y., Fei, H., Kim, S., Lallone, R., Ranganathan, S., et al. (1995) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1195-1155 · Cited by 3,725 · see citing works
Identification and expression cloning of a leptin receptor, OB-R.
Tartaglia, L. A., Dembski, M., Weng, X., Deng, N., Culpepper, J., Devos, R., Richards, G. J., Campfield, L. A., Clark, F. T., Deeds, J., et al. (1995) · Cell · doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90151-5 · Cited by 3,496 · see citing works
Campfield, L. A., Smith, F. J., Guisez, Y., Devos, R., & Burn, P. (1995) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7624778 · Cited by 3,243 · see citing works
Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting
Ahima, R. S., Prabakaran, D., Mantzoros, C., Qu, D., Lowell, B., Maratos-Flier, E., & Flier, J. S. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/382250a0 · Cited by 3,117 · see citing works
Method for the Isolation of Intact Islets of Langerhans from the Rat Pancreas
Lacy, P. E., & Kostianovsky, M. (1967) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.16.1.35 · Cited by 2,775 · see citing works
Frederich, R. C., Hamann, A., Anderson, S., Löllmann, B., Lowell, B. B., & Flier, J. S. (1995) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1295-1311 · Cited by 1,660 · see citing works
The role of neuropeptide Y in the antiobesity action of the obese gene product
Stephens, T. W., Basinski, M., Bristow, P. K., Bue-Valleskey, J. M., Burgett, S. G., Craft, L., Hale, J., Hoffmann, J., Hsiung, H. M., Kriauciunas, A., et al. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/377530a0 · Cited by 1,498 · see citing works
Self-citationObese and diabetes: Two mutant genes causing diabetes-obesity syndromes in mice
Coleman, D. L. (1978) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00429772 · Cited by 1,307 · see citing works
The Physiological Basis of Medical Practice.
(1950) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1950.00230140152019 · Cited by 1,180 · see citing works
Positional cloning of the mouse obese gene and its human homologue
Zhang, Y., Proenca, R., Maffei, M., Barone, M., Leopold, L., & Friedman, J. M. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/374479a0 · Cited by 1,125 · see citing works
Transient increase in obese gene expression after food intake or insulin administration
Saladin, R., Vos, P. D., Guerre-Millo, M., Leturque, A., Girard, J. R., Staels, B., & Auwerx, J. H. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/377527a0 · Cited by 1,093 · see citing works
T-cell mitogens cause early changes in cytoplasmic free Ca2+ and membrane potential in lymphocytes
Tsien, R. Y., Pozzan, T., & RINK, T. J. (1982) · Nature · doi:10.1038/295068a0 · Cited by 1,030 · see citing works
Cerebrospinal fluid leptin levels: Relationship to plasma levels and to adiposity in humans
Schwartz, M. W., Peskind, E., Raskind, M., Boyko, E. J., & Porte, D. (1996) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0596-589 · Cited by 1,014 · see citing works
Schwartz, M. W., Baskin, D. G., Bukowski, T. R., Kuijper, J. L., Foster, D., Lasser, G., Prunkard, D. E., Porte, D., Woods, S. C., Seeley, R. J., et al. (1996) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.45.4.531 · Cited by 904 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The results shown in our study relate to acute changes in insulin levels observed within minutes of leptin injection and are not inconsistent with earlier reports (4, 5, 30, 46).”
BackgroundResultDefective STAT signaling by the leptin receptor in diabetic mice.
Ghilardi, N., Ziegler, S., Wiestner, A. C., Stoffel, R., Heim, M. H., & Skoda, R. C. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.13.6231 · Cited by 793 · see citing works
Nocturnal rise of leptin in lean, obese, and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus subjects.
Sinha, M. K., Ohannesian, J. P., Heiman, M. L., Kriauciunas, A., Stephens, T. W., Magosin, S., Marco, C. C., & Caro, J. F. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci118551 · Cited by 785 · see citing works
Leptin can induce proliferation, differentiation, and functional activation of hemopoietic cells
Gainsford, T., Willson, T. A., Metcalf, D., Handman, E., McFarlane, C., Ng, A. P., Nicola, N. A., Alexander, W. S., & Hilton, D. J. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.25.14564 · Cited by 750 · see citing works
Role of leptin in hypothalamic–pituitary function
Yu, W. H., Kimura, M., Walczewska, A., Karanth, S., & McCann, S. M. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.3.1023 · Cited by 732 · see citing works
Modulation of Insulin Activities by Leptin
Cohen, B., Novick, D., & Rubinstein, M. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.274.5290.1185 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
Direct antidiabetic effect of leptin through triglyceride depletion of tissues
Shimabukuro, M., Koyama, K., Chen, G., Wang, M.-Y., Trieu, F., Lee, Y., Newgard, C. B., & Unger, R. H. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.9.4637 · Cited by 646 · see citing works
Albano, J. D. M., Ekins, R. P., Maritz, G., & Turner, R. C. (1972) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/acta.0.0700487 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Emilsson, V., Liu, Y.-L., Cawthorne, M. A., Morton, N. M., & Davenport, M. (1997) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.46.2.313 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Sinha, M. K., Opentanova, I., Ohannesian, J. P., Kolaczynski, J. W., Heiman, M. L., Hale, J. E., Becker, G. W., Bowsher, R. R., Stephens, T. W., & Caro, J. F. (1996) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci118913 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
Relationship Between Insulin Sensitivity and Plasma Leptin Concentration in Lean and Obese Men
Segal, K. R., Landt, M., & Klein, S. (1996) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.45.7.988 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
A role for leptin and its cognate receptor in hematopoiesis
Bennett, B. D., Solar, G. P., Yuan, J. Q., Mathias, J., Thomas, G. R., & Matthews, W. (1996) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(02)70684-2 · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Kieffer, T. J., Heller, R. S., Leech, C. A., Holz, G. G., & Habener, J. F. (1997) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.46.6.1087 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Decreased food intake does not completely account for adiposity reduction after ob protein infusion.
Levin, N. W., Nelson, C., Gurney, A., VANDLEN, R. L., & de Sauvage, F. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.4.1726 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Leptin Receptors Expressed on Pancreatic β-Cells
Kieffer, T. J., Heller, R. S., & Habener, J. F. (1996) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1996.1059 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Hardie, L. J., Rayner, D. V., Holmes, S., & Trayhurn, P. (1996) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1996.0951 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Samols, E. (1991) · Raven Press eBooks · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Insulin increases plasma leptin concentrations in normal subjects and patients with NIDDM
Malmström, R., Taskinen, M., Karonen, S. ‐., & Yki‐Järvinen, H. (1996) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00403921 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Schwartz, M. W., Baskin, D. G., Bukowski, T. R., et al. (1996) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.45.4.531 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Glucagon-like peptide-1 is a physiological incretin in rat.
Wang, Z., Wang, R. M., Owji, A. A., Smith, D. M., Ghatei, M. A., & Bloom, S. R. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci117671 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Self-citationSerum Immunoreactive-Leptin Concentrations in Normal-Weight and Obese Humans
&NA; (1996) · The Endocrinologist · doi:10.1097/00019616-199607000-00020 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Phenotype-Linked Amino Acid Alteration in Leptin Receptor cDNA from Zucker Fatty(fa/fa)Rat
Iida, M., Murakami, T., Ishida, K., Mizuno, A., Kuwajima, M., & Shima, K. (1996) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1996.0691 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Truett, G. E., Bahary, N., Friedman, J. M., & Leibel, R. L. (1991) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.88.17.7806 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Emilsson, V., Liu, Y. L., Cawthorne, M. A., et al. (1997) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.46.2.313 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Nånberg, E., & Rozengurt, E. (1988) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1988.tb03128.x · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Recombinant OB-Gene Product Reduces Food-Intake in Fasted Mice
Rentsch, J., Levens, N., & Chiesi, M. (1995) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1995.2266 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Relationship between insulin sensitivity and plasma leptin concentration in lean and obese men
Segal, K. R., Landt, M., & Klein, S. (1996) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.45.7.988 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
EXPRESSION OF THE RAT AMYLIN (IAPP / DAP) GENE.
Ferrier, G. J. M., Pierson, A. M., JONES, P. M., Bloom, S. R., Girgis, S. I., & Legon, S. (1989) · Journal of Molecular Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/jme.0.003r001 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationClonal Insulinoma Cell Line That Stably Maintains Correct Glucose Responsiveness
Knaack, D., Fiore, D. M., Surana, M., et al. (1994) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.43.12.1413 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Wang, Z.-L., Bennet, W. M., Ghatei, M. A., BYFIELD, P. G. H., Smith, D. M., & Bloom, S. R. (1993) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.42.2.330 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationDo Leptin Receptors Play a Functional Role in the Endocrine Pancreas?
Leclercq-Meyer, V., Considine, R. V., Sener, A., & Malaisse, W. J. (1996) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.1996.1882 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Beak, S. A., Small, C. J., Иловайская, И. А., Hurley, J. D., Ghatei, M. A., Bloom, S. R., & Smith, D. M. (1996) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.137.10.8828468 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationMorgan, N. G., & MONTAGUE, W. (1985) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj2260571 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Wang, Z. L., Bennet, W. M., Ghatei, M. A., et al. (1993) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.42.2.330 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationBennet, W. M., Wang, Z. L., JONES, P. M., Wang, R. M., James, R. F. L., London, N. J. M., Ghatei, M. A., & Bloom, S. R. (1996) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.81.6.8964837 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationClonal insulinoma cell line that stably maintains correct glucose responsiveness
Knaack, D., Fiore, D. M., Surana, M., et al. (1994) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.43.12.1413 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Insulin increases plasma leptin concentrations in normal subjects and patients with NIDDM
Malmstr�m, R., Taskinen, M., Karonen, S.-L., et al. (1996) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250050543 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Kulkarni, R. N., Wang, Z. L., Akinsanya, K., et al. (1995) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/endo.136.11.7588254 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationCooney, G. J., Vanner, M. A., Nicks, J. L., et al. (1989) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj2590651 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Smith, D. M., Bloom, S. R., Sugden, M. C., & Holness, M. J. (1992) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj2820231 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationKulkarni, R. (1995) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.136.11.5155 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationShi, C., Sehlin, J., & Täljedal, I. (1996) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1350724 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mechanisms of leptin action and leptin resistance.
Myers, M. G., Cowley, M. A., & Münzberg, H. (2008) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.physiol.70.113006.100707 · Cited by 1,074 · see citing works
Pancreatic regulation of glucose homeostasis.
Röder, P. V., Wu, B., Liu, Y., & Han, W. (2016) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/emm.2016.6 · Cited by 985 · see citing works
Leptin in Human Physiology and Pathophysiology
Mantzoros, C. S., Magkos, F., Brinkoetter, M., Sienkiewicz, E., Dardeno, T. A., Kim, S.-Y., Hamnvik, O.-P. R., & Koniaris, A. (2011) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00315.2011 · Cited by 593 · see citing works
Leptin directly regulates bone cell function in vitro and reduces bone fragility in vivo
Cornish, J., Callon, K., Bava, U., Lin, C., Naot, D., Hill, B., Grey, A., Broom, N., Myers, D., Nicholson, G., et al. (2002) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe.0.1750405 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
The Role of Placental Hormones in Mediating Maternal Adaptations to Support Pregnancy and Lactation
Napso, T., Yong, H. E. J., Lopez-Tello, J., & Sferruzzi-Perri, A. N. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01091 · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Seufert, J., Kieffer, T. J., Leech, C. A., Holz, G. G., Moritz, W., Ricordi, C., & Habener, J. F. (1999) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.84.2.5460 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Insulin receptor substrate 2 plays a crucial role in β cells and the hypothalamus
Kubota, N., Terauchi, Y., Tobe, K., Yano, W., Suzuki, R., Ueki, K., Takamoto, I., Satoh, H., Maki, T., Kubota, T., et al. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci21484 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Leptin—Much More Than a Satiety Signal
Harris, R. B. S. (2000) · Annual Review of Nutrition · doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.20.1.45 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Seufert, J., Kieffer, T. J., & Habener, J. F. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.2.674 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Peripheral metabolic actions of leptin
Muoio, D. M., & Lynis Dohm, G. (2002) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1053/beem.2002.0223 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Bates, S. H., Kulkarni, R. N., Seifert, M., & Myers, M. G. (2005) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2005.02.001 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Self-citationAutophagy Differentially Regulates Insulin Production and Insulin Sensitivity
Yamamoto, S., Kuramoto, K., Wang, N., Situ, X., Priyadarshini, M., Zhang, W., Cordoba-Chacon, J., Layden, B. T., & He, C. (2018) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2018.05.032 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Insulin Secretion Is Increased in Pancreatic Islets of Neuropeptide Y-Deficient Mice
Imai, Y., Patel, H. R., Hawkins, E. J., Doliba, N. M., Matschinsky, F. M., & Ahima, R. S. (2007) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2007-0404 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Otukonyong, E. E., Dube, M. G., Torto, R., Kalra, P. S., & Kalra, S. P. (2005) · Peptides · doi:10.1016/j.peptides.2005.04.015 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kulkarni, R. N., Wang, Z. L., Wang, R. M., Hurley, J. D., Smith, D. M., Ghatei, M. A., Withers, D. J., Gardiner, J. V., Bailey, C. J., & Bloom, S. R.
- Affiliations
- Hammersmith Hospital (GB)
- Joslin Diabetes Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bloom, S R
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 1997-12-01
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2729-2736
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC508476
- OpenAlex
- W2058608918
- Cited by
- 296
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 16.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Keywords
- leptin, insulin secretion, insulinoma cells, pancreatic islets, leptin receptor, obesity, diabetes mellitus, insulin mRNA expression, hyperinsulinemia, adipose tissue, carbohydrate metabolism, db/db mice, ob/ob mice
- MeSH terms
- Insulin Secretion, Animals, Calcium, Carrier Proteins, Humans, Insulin, Insulinoma, Islets of Langerhans, Male, Mice, Mutant Strains, Mice, Obese, Obesity, Proteins, Receptors, Cell Surface, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Second Messenger Systems, Rats, Wistar, Leptin, Mice, Rats, Receptors, Leptin
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
