The DOI matches its Crossref record; 124 of the 124 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Inflammatory links between obesity and metabolic disease
Open accessAbstract
The obesity epidemic has forced us to evaluate the role of inflammation in the health complications of obesity. This has led to a convergence of the fields of immunology and nutrient physiology and the understanding that they are inextricably linked. The reframing of obesity as an inflammatory condition has had a wide impact on our conceptualization of obesity-associated diseases. In this Review, we highlight the cellular and molecular mechanisms at play in the generation of obesity-induced inflammation. We also emphasize how defining the immune regulation in metabolic tissues has broadened the understanding of the diversity of inflammatory responses.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Increased circulating concentrations of these pro-inflammatory markers are reported in adolescents with T2DM 30 .”
From Type 2 diabetes in adolescents and young adults (2018) · cites this paper as [30]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Aged WAT is characterized by a proinflammatory microenvironment with elevated expression of inflammatory genes associated with metabolic disease (39).”
From Metabolic impact of endogenously produced estrogens by adipose tissue in females and males across the lifespan (2025) · cites this paper as [39]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Perturbations in immune function have been demonstrated to exacerbate neurodegeneration and metabolic diseases (Lumeng and Saltiel, 2011; Ransohoff, 2016; Reilly and Saltiel, 2017).”
From Deletion of the Alzheimer’s disease risk gene Abi3 locus results in obesity and systemic metabolic disruption in mice (2022) · cites this paper as Lumeng and Saltiel, 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
2 retracted
Ropelle, E. R., Flores, M. B. S., Cintra, D. E., Rocha, G. Z., Pauli, J. R., Morari, J., de Souza, C. T., Moraes, J. C., Prada, P. O., Guadagnini, D., et al. (2010) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000465 · Cited by 333
RetractedInflammation of the Hypothalamus Leads to Defective Pancreatic Islet Function
Calegari, V. C., Torsoni, A. S., Vanzela, E. C., ARAUJO, E. P. D., Morari, J., Zoppi, C. C., Sbragia, L., Boschero, A. C., & Velloso, L. A. (2011) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.173021 · Cited by 77
RetractedObesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue
Weisberg, S. P., McCann, D., Desai, M., Rosenbaum, M., Leibel, R. L., & Ferrante, A. W. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200319246 · Cited by 10,041
Inflammation and metabolic disorders
Hotamisligil, G. S. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05485 · Cited by 9,199
Xu, H., Barnes, G. T., Yang, Q., Tan, G., Yang, D., Chou, C. J., Sole, J., Nichols, A., Ross, J. S., Tartaglia, L. A., et al. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200319451 · Cited by 6,760
The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization
MANTOVANI, A., SICA, A., SOZZANI, S., ALLAVENA, P., VECCHI, A., & LOCATI, M. (2004) · Trends in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.it.2004.09.015 · Cited by 6,534
Obesity induces a phenotypic switch in adipose tissue macrophage polarization
Lumeng, C. N., Bodzin, J. L., & Saltiel, A. R. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci29881 · Cited by 4,664
Self-citationEndoplasmic Reticulum Stress Links Obesity, Insulin Action, and Type 2 Diabetes
Özcan, U., Cao, Q., Yilmaz, E., Lee, A.-H., Iwakoshi, N. N., Özdelen, E., Tuncman, G., Görgün, C., Glimcher, L. H., & Hotamisligil, G. S. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1103160 · Cited by 3,844
TLR4 links innate immunity and fatty acid-induced insulin resistance
Shi, H., Kokoeva, M. V., Inouye, K., Tzameli, I., Yin, H., & Flier, J. S. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci28898 · Cited by 3,690
Hotamisligil, G. S., Arner, P., Caro, J. F., Atkinson, R. L., & Spiegelman, B. M. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci117936 · Cited by 3,543
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,001–1,009 of 1,009
Acevedo, L. M., Raya, A. I., Martínez-Moreno, J. M., Aguilera–Tejero, E., & Rivero, J.-L. L. (2017) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0173028 · Cited by 24
PPARG expression patterns and correlations in obesity
Darwish, N. M., Gouda, W., Almutairi, S. M., Elshikh, M. S., & Morcos, G. N. B. (2022) · Journal of King Saud University - Science · doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102116 · Cited by 24
Feng, M., Crowley, N. A., Patel, A., Guo, Y., Bugni, S. E., & Luscher, B. (2019) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.03.003 · Cited by 20
Therapeutic Role of Mango Peels in Management of Dyslipidemia and Oxidative Stress in Obese Females
Arshad, F., Umbreen, H., Aslam, I., Hameed, A., Aftab, K., Al-Qahtani, W. H., Aslam, N., & Noreen, R. (2021) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2021/3094571 · Cited by 20
Pilling, D., Cox, N., Thomson, M. A., Karhadkar, T. R., & Gomer, R. H. (2019) · The American Journal of Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.08.005 · Cited by 17
Changes in Prescription Drug Use After Gastric Bypass Surgery: A Nationwide Cohort Study
Gribsholt, S. B., Thomsen, R. W., Farkas, D. K., Sørensen, H. T., Richelsen, B., & Svensson, E. (2017) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000001730 · Cited by 17
Depression and major weight gain: A 6-year prospective follow-up of outpatients
Heiskanen, T. H., Koivumaa-Honkanen, H. T., Niskanen, L. K., Lehto, S. M., Honkalampi, K. M., Hintikka, J. J., & Viinamäki, H. T. (2013) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.02.001 · Cited by 17
Smith, D. C., Karahan, H., Wijeratne, H. R. S., Al-Amin, M., McCord, B., Moon, Y., & Kim, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.1035572 · Cited by 8
“Perturbations in immune function have been demonstrated to exacerbate neurodegeneration and metabolic diseases (Lumeng and Saltiel, 2011; Ransohoff, 2016; Reilly and Saltiel, 2017).”
BackgroundMichelsen, T. M., Skytte, H. N., Gunnes, N., Holven, K. B., Christensen, J. J., & Roland, M. C. P. (2024) · Journal of Reproductive Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jri.2024.104397 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Lumeng, C. N., & Saltiel, A. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lumeng, Carey N.
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 2011-06-01
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 2111-2117
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3104776
- OpenAlex
- W2165604976
- Cited by
- 2,319
- References
- 124
- Citations by year
- 2026: 109 · 2025: 111 · 2024: 105 · 2023: 111 · 2022: 154 · 2021: 187 · 2020: 173 · 2019: 177 · 2018: 186 · 2017: 211 · 2016: 176 · 2015: 163 · 2014: 165 · 2013: 155 · 2012: 108
- FWCI
- 16.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK090262, R01DK060591, K08DK078851)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Keywords
- obesity, inflammation, metabolic disorders, obesity-related comorbidities, immune regulation, metabolic tissues
- MeSH terms
- Acute-Phase Proteins, Adipose Tissue, Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Energy Metabolism, Fibrosis, Humans, Hypothalamus, Inflammation, Leukocytes, Liver, Macrophages, Metabolic Diseases, Models, Biological, Obesity, Organ Specificity, Cytokines, Disease Progression, Muscle, Skeletal, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
