The DOI matches its Crossref record; 43 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease
Open accessAbstract
There are currently over 1.9 billion people who are obese or overweight, leading to a rise in related health complications, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, liver disease, cancer, and neurodegeneration. The finding that obesity and metabolic disorder are accompanied by chronic low-grade inflammation has fundamentally changed our view of the underlying causes and progression of obesity and metabolic syndrome. We now know that an inflammatory program is activated early in adipose expansion and during chronic obesity, permanently skewing the immune system to a proinflammatory phenotype, and we are beginning to delineate the reciprocal influence of obesity and inflammation. Reviews in this series examine the activation of the innate and adaptive immune system in obesity; inflammation within diabetic islets, brain, liver, gut, and muscle; the role of inflammation in fibrosis and angiogenesis; the factors that contribute to the initiation of inflammation; and therapeutic approaches to modulate inflammation in the context of obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This suggests that self-reported insomnia appears to result in a shift towards Th2 immunity”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [484]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Inflammation and metabolic disorders
Hotamisligil, G. S. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05485 · Cited by 9,199
The metabolic phenotype in obesity: Fat mass, body fat distribution, and adipose tissue function
Goossens, G. H. (2017) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000471488 · Cited by 8,481
The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments
Swinburn, B. A., Sacks, G., Hall, K. D., McPherson, K., Finegood, D. T., Moodie, M. L., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2011) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(11)60813-1 · Cited by 4,888
Obesity induces a phenotypic switch in adipose tissue macrophage polarization
Lumeng, C. N., Bodzin, J. L., & Saltiel, A. R. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci29881 · Cited by 4,664
Self-citationMutation of the mouse klotho gene leads to a syndrome resembling ageing
Kuro-o, M., Matsumura, Y., Aizawa, H., Kawaguchi, H., Suga, T., Utsugi, T., Ohyama, Y., Kurabayashi, M., Kaname, T., Kume, E., et al. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/36285 · Cited by 3,837
TLR4 links innate immunity and fatty acid-induced insulin resistance
Shi, H., Kokoeva, M. V., Inouye, K., Tzameli, I., Yin, H., & Flier, J. S. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci28898 · Cited by 3,690
A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance
Hirosumi, J., Tuncman, G., Chang, L., Görgün, C. Z., Uysal, K. T., Maeda, K., Karin, M., & Hotamisligil, G. S. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01137 · Cited by 3,359
Endoplasmic reticulum stress and the inflammatory basis of metabolic disease
Hotamisligil, G. S. (2010) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.02.034 · Cited by 2,802
The NLRP3 inflammasome instigates obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance
Vandanmagsar, B., Youm, Y.-H., Ravussin, A., Galgani, J. E., Stadler, K., Mynatt, R. L., Ravussin, E., Stephens, J. M., & Dixit, V. D. (2011) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2279 · Cited by 2,655
Inflammatory links between obesity and metabolic disease
Lumeng, C. N., & Saltiel, A. R. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci57132 · Cited by 2,319
Self-citationAdipose tissue remodeling and obesity
Sun, K., Kusminski, C. M., & Scherer, P. E. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci45887 · Cited by 1,941
IKK-β links inflammation to obesity-induced insulin resistance
Arkan, M. C., Hevener, A. L., Greten, F. R., Maeda, S., Li, Z.-W., Long, J. M., Wynshaw-Boris, A., Poli, G., Olefsky, J., & Karin, M. (2005) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1185 · Cited by 1,773
Self-citationLiver inflammation and fibrosis
Koyama, Y., & Brenner, D. A. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci88881 · Cited by 1,295 · cited 1×
“…discuss the close connection between obesity, diabetes, hepatic inflammation, and the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which can progress to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and eventually frank cirrhosis due to sequential activation of inflammation and fibrosis (10).”
BackgroundHolland, W. L., Brozinick, J. T., Wang, L.-P., Hawkins, E. D., Sargent, K. M., Liu, Y., Narra, K., Hoehn, K. L., Knotts, T. A., Siesky, A., et al. (2007) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2007.01.002 · Cited by 1,232
Metabolic Dysregulation and Adipose Tissue Fibrosis: Role of Collagen VI
Khan, T., Muise, E. S., Iyengar, P., Wang, Z. V., Chandalia, M., Abate, N., Zhang, B. B., Bonaldo, P., Chua, S., & Scherer, P. E. (2009) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.01300-08 · Cited by 1,053
Hypoxia and Adipose Tissue Function and Dysfunction in Obesity
Trayhurn, P. (2013) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00017.2012 · Cited by 932
Amar, J., Chabo, C., Waget, A., Klopp, P., Vachoux, C., Bermúdez‐Humarán, L. G., Smirnova, N. F., Bergé, M., Sulpice, T., Lahtinen, S. J., et al. (2011) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1002/emmm.201100159 · Cited by 877
The ominous triad of adipose tissue dysfunction: inflammation, fibrosis, and impaired angiogenesis.
Crewe, C., An, Y. A., & Scherer, P. E. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci88883 · Cited by 732
Inflammasome is a central player in the induction of obesity and insulin resistance
Stienstra, R., van Diepen, J. A., Tack, C. J., Zaki, M. H., van de Veerdonk, F. L., Perera, D., Neale, G. A., Hooiveld, G. J., Hijmans, A., Vroegrijk, I., et al. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1100255108 · Cited by 727
Skeletal muscle inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity
Wu, H., & Ballantyne, C. M. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci88880 · Cited by 695
Regulation of metabolism by the innate immune system
Lackey, D. E., & Olefsky, J. M. (2016) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2015.189 · Cited by 667
Self-citationLee, Y. S., Kim, J.-W., Osborne, O., Oh, D. Y., Sasik, R., Schenk, S., Chen, A., Chung, H., Murphy, A., Watkins, S. M., et al. (2014) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.012 · Cited by 598
Self-citationNakamura, T., Furuhashi, M., Li, P., Cao, H., Tuncman, G., Sonenberg, N., Görgün, C. Z., & Hotamışlıgil, G. S. (2010) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.01.001 · Cited by 512
Hypothalamic inflammation in obesity and metabolic disease
Jais, A., & Brüning, J. C. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci88878 · Cited by 474 · cited 1×
“Alexander Jais and Jens Brüning describe the contributions of different neuronal and non-neuronal cell types to hypothalamic inflammation (23).”
BackgroundRole of innate and adaptive immunity in obesity-associated metabolic disease
McLaughlin, T., Ackerman, S. E., Shen, L., & Engleman, E. G. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci88876 · Cited by 462
Saberi, M., Woods, N.-B., de Luca, C., Schenk, S., Lu, J. C., Bandyopadhyay, G., Verma, I. M., & Olefsky, J. M. (2009) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2009.09.006 · Cited by 456
Self-citationImmunological Goings-on in Visceral Adipose Tissue
Mathis, D. J. (2013) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2013.05.008 · Cited by 449
A Pericellular Collagenase Directs the 3-Dimensional Development of White Adipose Tissue
Chun, T.-H., Hotary, K. B., Sabeh, F., Saltiel, A. R., Allen, E. D., & Weiss, S. J. (2006) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2006.02.050 · Cited by 378
Self-citationIslet inflammation in type 2 diabetes and physiology
Eguchi, K., & Nagai, R. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci88877 · Cited by 374
LTB4 promotes insulin resistance in obese mice by acting on macrophages, hepatocytes and myocytes
Li, P., Oh, D. Y., Bandyopadhyay, G. K., Lagakos, W., Talukdar, S., Osborn, O., Johnson, A., Chung, H., Mayoral, R., Maris, M., et al. (2015) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.3800 · Cited by 327
Self-citationSer/Thr Phosphorylation of IRS Proteins: A Molecular Basis for Insulin Resistance
Zick, Y. (2005) · Science s STKE · doi:10.1126/stke.2682005pe4 · Cited by 326
Obstfeld, A. E., Sugaru, E., Thearle, M. S., Francisco, A.-M., Gayet, C., Ginsberg, H. N., Ables, E., & Ferrante, A. W. (2010) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db09-1403 · Cited by 321
Hematopoietic-Derived Galectin-3 Causes Cellular and Systemic Insulin Resistance
Li, P., Liu, S., Lu, M. M., Bandyopadhyay, G. K., Oh, D., Imamura, T., Johnson, A. M. F., Sears, D. D., Shen, Z., Cui, B., et al. (2016) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2016.10.025 · Cited by 305
Self-citationEndoplasmic reticulum stress and atherosclerosis
Hotamışlıgil, G. S. (2010) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm0410-396 · Cited by 302
Kupffer cell activation is a causal factor for hepatic insulin resistance
Lanthier, N., Molendi‐Coste, O., Horsmans, Y., van Rooijen, N., Cani, P. D., & Leclercq, I. A. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00391.2009 · Cited by 269
Wellen, K. E., Fucho, R., Gregor, M. F., Furuhashi, M., Morgan, C., Lindstad, T., Vaillancourt, E., Gorgun, C. Z., Saatcioglu, F., & Hotamisligil, G. S. (2007) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2007.02.049 · Cited by 222
The initiation of metabolic inflammation in childhood obesity
Singer, K., & Lumeng, C. N. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci88882 · Cited by 194
Therapeutic approaches targeting inflammation for diabetes and associated cardiovascular risk
Goldfine, A. B., & Shoelson, S. E. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci88884 · Cited by 176
Postprandial Variations of Plasma Inflammatory Markers in Abdominally Obese Men
Blackburn, P., Després, J., Lamarche, B., Tremblay, A., Bergeron, J., Lemieux, I., & Couillard, C. (2006) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2006.201 · Cited by 140
Sphingolipids and insulin resistance: the five Ws
Summers, S. A. (2010) · Current Opinion in Lipidology · doi:10.1097/mol.0b013e3283373b66 · Cited by 136
Bone marrow–specific Cap gene deletion protects against high-fat diet–induced insulin resistance
Lesniewski, L. A., Hosch, S. E., Neels, J. G., de Luca, C., Pashmforoush, M., Lumeng, C. N.-K., Chiang, S.-H., Scadeng, M., Saltiel, A. R., & Olefsky, J. M. (2007) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm1550 · Cited by 114
Self-citationOmega 3 Fatty Acids and GPR120
Oh, D. Y., & Olefsky, J. M. (2012) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.04.009 · Cited by 100
Self-citationImmunologic impact of the intestine in metabolic disease
Winer, D. A., Winer, S., Dranse, H. J., & Lam, T. K. T. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci88879 · Cited by 95
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 44 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mechanisms of Insulin Action and Insulin Resistance
Petersen, M. C., & Shulman, G. I. (2018) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00063.2017 · Cited by 3,028
Inflammation and tumor progression: signaling pathways and targeted intervention
Zhao, H., Wu, L., Yan, G., Chen, Y., Zhou, M., Wu, Y., & Li, Y. (2021) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00658-5 · Cited by 3,058
Driggin, E., Madhavan, M. V., Bikdeli, B., Chuich, T., Laracy, J. C., Biondi‐Zoccai, G., Brown, T. S., Der-Nigoghossian, C. A., Zidar, D. A., Haythe, J. H., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2020.03.031 · Cited by 2,086
The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease
Besedovsky, L., Lange, T., & Haack, M. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00010.2018 · Cited by 1,479
Metabolic Instruction of Immunity
Buck, M. D., Sowell, R., Kaech, S. M., & Pearce, E. L. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.04.004 · Cited by 1,270
“For example, circulating IL-6 levels are elevated in patients with chronic inflammation, which can modulate fatty acid metabolism and cell survival in many tissues including skeletal muscle, hepatocytes, the central nervous system (CNS), and neuroendocrine system (Saltiel and Olefsky, 2017).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Saltiel, A. R., & Olefsky, J. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Investigation
- Published
- 2017-01-03
- Volume
- 127
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-4
- ISSN
- 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-8238
- PMC
- PMC5199709
- OpenAlex
- W2567264284
- Cited by
- 2,212
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 261 · 2025: 318 · 2024: 265 · 2023: 255 · 2022: 308 · 2021: 280 · 2020: 270 · 2019: 136 · 2018: 80 · 2017: 36
- FWCI
- 18.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- University of California, San Diego (P30DK063491, DK063491)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK063491, P30DK063491)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Disease and Adiposity
- Keywords
- obesity, metabolic syndrome, low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, adipose tissue expansion, innate immune system, adaptive immunity, neuroinflammation, liver inflammation, intestinal inflammation, skeletal muscle inflammation, fibrosis, angiogenesis, anti-inflammatory therapy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Inflammation, Neoplasms, Obesity, Organ Specificity, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Metabolic Syndrome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
