The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Prevalence and Effects of Mood Disorders on Work Performance in a Nationally Representative Sample of U.S. Workers
Open accessAbstract
Objective: Research on the workplace costs of mood disorders has focused largely on major depressive episodes. Bipolar disorder has been overlooked both because of the failure to distinguish between major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder and by the failure to evaluate the workplace costs of mania/hypomania. Method: The National Comorbidity Survey Replication assessed major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder with the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and work impairment with the WHO Health and Work Performance Questionnaire. A regression analysis of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder predicting Health and Work Performance Questionnaire scores among 3,378 workers was used to estimate the workplace costs of mood disorders. Results: A total of 1.1% of the workers met CIDI criteria for 12-month bipolar disorder (I or II), and 6.4% meet criteria for 12-month major depressive disorder. Bipolar disorder was associated with 65.5 and major depressive disorder with 27.2 lost workdays per ill worker per year. Subgroup analysis showed that the higher work loss associated with bipolar disorder than with major depressive disorder was due to more severe and persistent depressive episodes in those with bipolar disorder than in those with major depressive disorder rather than to stronger effects of mania/hypomania than depression. Conclusions: Employer interest in workplace costs of mood disorders should be broadened beyond major depressive disorder to include bipolar disorder. Effectiveness trials are needed to study the return on employer investment of coordinated programs for workplace screening and treatment of bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Among people with specific social and productive roles, MDD is found to predict significant decrements in role functioning (e.g., low marital quality, low work performance, low earnings).”
From The Costs of Depression (2012) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“All these studies found that MDE and MDD significantly predict overall lost work performance. Several studies attempted to estimate the annual salary-equivalent human capital value of these losses. These estimates were in the range $30.1 billion66 to $51.5 billion.64”
From The Costs of Depression (2012) · cites this paper as [64]
In the citing paper
“Impaired cognition is likely associated with difficulties in everyday tasks contributing to the high degree of psychosocial and functional impairments [6–8], reduced productivity [9], and disability associated with MDD [10, 11].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Selective Cortical Undercutting As a Means of Modifying and Studying Frontal Lobe Function in Man
Scoville, W. B. (1949) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1949.6.1.0065 · Cited by 7,374
Kessler, R. C., & Üstün, T. B. (2004) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.168 · Cited by 4,771
Self-citationRush, A. J., Trivedi, M. H., Ibrahim, H. M., Carmody, T. J., Arnow, B., Klein, D. N., Markowitz, J. C., Ninan, P. T., Kornstein, S., Manber, R., et al. (2003) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01866-8 · Cited by 3,829
Grant, B. F., Stinson, F. S., Dawson, D. A., Chou, S. P., Dufour, M. C., Compton, W., Pickering, R. P., & Kaplan, K. (2004) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.61.8.807 · Cited by 2,889
Lifetime Prevalence of Specific Psychiatric Disorders in Three Sites
Robins, L. N. (1984) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1984.01790210031005 · Cited by 2,550
The Long-term Natural History of the Weekly Symptomatic Status of Bipolar I Disorder
Judd, L. L., Akiskal, H. S., Schettler, P. J., Endicott, J., Maser, J., Solomon, D. A., Leon, A. C., Rice, J. A., & Keller, M. B. (2002) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.59.6.530 · Cited by 2,106
Self-citationCost of Lost Productive Work Time Among US Workers With Depression
Stewart, W. F. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.23.3135 · Cited by 1,421
Introduction to Variance Estimation.
King, B. F., & Wolter, K. M. (1987) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2289497 · Cited by 1,377
The Economic Burden of Depression in the United States: How Did It Change Between 1990 and 2000?
Greenberg, P. E., Kessler, R. C., Birnbaum, H. G., Leong, S. A., Lowe, S. W., Berglund, P. A., & Corey-Lisle, P. K. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v64n1211 · Cited by 1,280
Self-citationThe World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ)
Kessler, R. C., Barber, C., Beck, A. L., Berglund, P. A., Cleary, P. D., McKenas, D. K., Pronk, N., Simon, G. E., Stang, P., Üstün, T. B., et al. (2003) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.jom.0000052967.43131.51 · Cited by 1,135
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Greenberg PE, 1993, J Clin Psychiatry, 54, 405
- Greenberg PE, Kessler RC, Nells TL, Finkelstein SN, Berndt ER: Depression in the workplace: an economic perspective, in Perspectives inPsychiatry: Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors,2nd ed, vol 5. Edited by Feighner JP, Boyer WF. New York,John Wiley & Sons, 1996, pp327-363
- Rice DP, 1993, Adv Health Econ Health Serv Res, 14, 37
- First MB, 2002, Research Version, Non-Patient Edition (SCID-I/NP).
- Laurent A, 1972, Cannell CF
- Research Triangle Institute, 2002, SUDAAN: Professional Software for Survey Data Analysis
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Epidemiology of Depression Across Cultures
Kessler, R. C., & Bromet, E. J. (2013) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114409 · Cited by 2,657
“A number of epidemiological surveys in the US have estimated the workplace costs of either MDE or MDD on absenteeism and low work performance (often referred to as presenteeism) (39, 50, 117, 132).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCognition and Depression: Current Status and Future Directions
Gotlib, I. H., & Joormann, J. (2010) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131305 · Cited by 2,420
“305”
BackgroundOtte, C., Gold, S. M., Penninx, B. W., Pariante, C. M., Etkin, A., Fava, M., Mohr, D. C., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2016) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2016.65 · Cited by 2,269
Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.
Sowislo, J. F., & Orth, U. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0028931 · Cited by 2,123
The global burden of mental disorders: An update from the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys
Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Chatterji, S., Lee, S., Ormel, J., Üstün, T. B., & Wang, P. S. (2009) · Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale · doi:10.1017/s1121189x00001421 · Cited by 1,895
Self-citationRebooting psychotherapy research and practice to reduce the burden of mental illness
Kazdin, A. E., & Blase, S. L. (2011) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610393527 · Cited by 1,254
“A single episode of major depressive disorder is associated with an average of more than 5 weeks of lost productivity per worker, resulting in an annual capital loss of $36 billion to employers (Kessler et al., 2006).”
BackgroundThe increasing burden of depression
Briley, M., & Lépine (2011) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s19617 · Cited by 1,297
Bonde, J. P. E. (2008) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oem.2007.038430 · Cited by 919
“met the criteria of a major depressive episode during a 12-month period according to the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI).(3) The use of the Major Depression Inventory (MDI), a validated self-rating scale which assesses depressive episode according to the symptomatic…”
BackgroundMethodKessler, R. C. (2012) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2011.11.005 · Cited by 871
Self-citationSakurai, K., Nishi, A., Kondo, K., Yanagida, K., & Kawakami, N. (2011) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2011.02236.x · Cited by 649
Inflamed moods: A review of the interactions between inflammation and mood disorders
Rosenblat, J. D., Cha, D. S., Mansur, R. B., & McIntyre, R. S. (2014) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.01.013 · Cited by 609
Toward a Neuroimaging Treatment Selection Biomarker for Major Depressive Disorder
McGrath, C. L., Kelley, M. E., Holtzheimer, P. E., Dunlop, B. W., Craighead, W. E., Franco, A. R., Craddock, R. C., & Mayberg, H. S. (2013) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.143 · Cited by 561
What Does Research Tell Us About Depression, Job Performance, and Work Productivity?
Lerner, D., & Henke, R. M. (2008) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e31816bae50 · Cited by 525
“With one exception,(47) studies measuring both absenteeism and presenteeism were consistent in finding that presenteeism created the higher cost burden.(7,20,41,46) This finding held true whether absenteeism was measured by self-report or using administrative data.”
ResultNovel Models for Delivering Mental Health Services and Reducing the Burdens of Mental Illness
Kazdin, A. E., & Rabbitt, S. M. (2013) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702612463566 · Cited by 465
“A single episode of major depressive disorder is associated with an average of over 5 weeks of lost productivity per worker, resulting in an annual capital loss to employers of $36 billion (Kessler et al., 2006).”
BackgroundKessler, R. C., Merikangas, K. R., & Wang, P. S. (2007) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091444 · Cited by 468
Self-citationInvesting in the Health and Well-Being of Young Adults
Stroud, C., Walker, L. R., Davis, M., & Irwin, C. E. (2015) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.11.012 · Cited by 477
Treatment-resistant depression: Definitions, review of the evidence, and algorithmic approach
McIntyre, R. S., Filteau, M.-J., Martin, L., Patry, S., Carvalho, A., Cha, D. S., Barakat, M., & Miguelez, M. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.10.043 · Cited by 421
“2 workdays per ill worker (Kessler et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe genetics of bipolar disorder
Barnett, J. H., & Smoller, J. W. (2009) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2009.03.080 · Cited by 407
“The personal and societal costs of BPD are enormous: even among adequately-treated individuals, relapse is common and the disorder can be profoundly disabling, resulting in serious economic burden (Kessler et al., 2006) and a lifetime risk of suicide as high as 20%”
BackgroundEvans-Lacko, S., & Knapp, M. (2016) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-016-1278-4 · Cited by 390
“Our study provides higher estimates of work productivity costs compared with previous US studies [8, 23, 24]; however, these studies were based on samples collected more than a decade ago, and there were some methodological differences.”
ResultBirnbaum, H. G., Kessler, R. C., Kelley, D., Ben-Hamadi, R., Joish, V. N., & Greenberg, P. E. (2010) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20580 · Cited by 380
“showed that the major workplace impact of depression is likely to be captured as presenteesim, which can be several times the costs of work loss time alone.([6]) While the substantial workplace costs of MDD are well documented, less is known about the impact of MDD severity on workplace burden.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationEfficacy of Functional Remediation in Bipolar Disorder: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Study
Torrent, C., Bonnin, C. D. M., Martínez-Arán, A., Valle, J., Amann, B. L., González-Pinto, A., Crespo, J. M., Ibáñez, Á., Garcia-Portilla, M. P., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., et al. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12070971 · Cited by 330
“In recent years, functional outcome has become an issue of major concern not only in clinical settings but also because it represents a social and economic burden for society (5).”
BackgroundLagerveld, S. E., Bültmann, U., Franche, R. ‐., van Dijk, F. J. H., Vlasveld, M. C., Feltz-Cornelis, C. M. V. D., Bruinvels, D. J., Huijs, J. J. J. M., Blonk, R. W. B., van der Klink, J. J. L., et al. (2010) · Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation · doi:10.1007/s10926-009-9224-x · Cited by 324
“Depression has been associated with such decrements in work productivity [21– 23].”
Rosenblat, J. D., Kakar, R., & McIntyre, R. S. (2016) · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyv082 · Cited by 315
“2 | International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 2016 Introduction Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent and disabling illness affecting greater than 350 million people worldwide (Kessler et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInterventions to improve return to work in depressed people
Nieuwenhuijsen, K., Faber, B., Verbeek, J. H. A. M., Neumeyer‐Gromen, A., Hees, H. L., Verhoeven, A. C., Feltz-Cornelis, C. M. V. D., & Bültmann, U. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006237.pub3 · Cited by 326
Judd, L. L., Schettler, P. J., Solomon, D. A., Maser, J. D., Coryell, W., Endicott, J., & Akiskal, H. S. (2008) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.06.014 · Cited by 293
“…disorder as revealed in empirical investigations (Goldberg and Harrow, 2005; Fagiolini et al., 2005; Altshuler et al., 2006; Shi et al., 2006; Kessler et al., 2006; Simon et al., 2007; Pope et al., 2007; Goetz et al., 2007; Morriss et al., 2007; Martinez-Aran et al., 2007; Michalak et al.,…”
Self-citationLoebel, A., Cucchiaro, J., Silva, R., Kroger, H., Sarma, K., Xu, J., & Calabrese, J. R. (2014) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13070985 · Cited by 293
Systematic review of the neural basis of social cognition in patients with mood disorders
Cusi, A. M., Nazarov, A., Holshausen, K., MacQueen, G. M., & McKinnon, M. C. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.100179 · Cited by 278
Ketamine and the next generation of antidepressants with a rapid onset of action
Machado‐Vieira, R., Salvadore, G., Diazgranados, N., & Zarate, C. A. (2009) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.02.010 · Cited by 281
Mørk, A., Pehrson, A., Brennum, L. T., Nielsen, S. M., Zhong, H., Lassen, A. B., Miller, S., Westrich, L., Boyle, N. J., Sánchez, C., et al. (2012) · The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1124/jpet.111.189068 · Cited by 271
“Major depressive disorder is a highly prevalent, disabling disease with negative impact on medical health, life quality, and productivity (Kessler et al., 2006; Baune et al., 2007).”
BackgroundHeterogeneity of DSM-IV Major Depressive Disorder as a Consequence of Subthreshold Bipolarity
Zimmermann, P., Brückl, T. M., Nocon, A., Pfister, H., Lieb, R., Wïttchen, H., Holsboer, F., & Angst, J. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.158 · Cited by 266
Cook, J. Α. (2006) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.2006.57.10.1391 · Cited by 262
Friborg, O., Martinsen, E. W., Martinussen, M., Kaiser, S., Øvergård, K. T., & Rosenvinge, J. H. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.08.023 · Cited by 242
“5 times higher than in DD (Kessler et al., 2006).”
Poverty, Material Hardship, and Depression *
Heflin, C. M., & Iceland, J. (2009) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/j.1540-6237.2009.00645.x · Cited by 255
“While it is clear that depression results in lost income (Marcotte and Wilcox-Gok, 2001; Kessler et al., 2006; Greenberg et al., 2003), there is a growing consensus that socioeconomic disadvantage precedes poor mental health.”
BackgroundHypersomnia across mood disorders: A review and synthesis
Kaplan, K. A., & Harvey, A. G. (2009) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2008.09.001 · Cited by 249
Glutamatergic Modulators: The Future of Treating Mood Disorders?
Zarate, C., Machado-Vieira, R., Henter, I., Ibrahim, L., Diazgranados, N., & Salvadore, G. (2010) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/10673229.2010.511059 · Cited by 228
Work-focused treatment of common mental disorders and return to work: A comparative outcome study.
Lagerveld, S. E., Blonk, R. W. B., Brenninkmeijer, V., Meij, L. W., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2012) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027049 · Cited by 231
Interventions to improve return to work in depressed people
Nieuwenhuijsen, K., Verbeek, J. H. A. M., Neumeyer‐Gromen, A., Verhoeven, A. C., Bültmann, U., & Faber, B. (2020) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006237.pub4 · Cited by 234
Bipolar depression: the clinical characteristics and unmet needs of a complex disorder
McIntyre, R. S., & Calabrese, J. R. (2019) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2019.1636017 · Cited by 211
The prevalence and burden of bipolar depression
Miller, S., Dell’Osso, B. M., & Ketter, T. A. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(14)70003-5 · Cited by 221
“workers from the NCS-R (described above), BD patients with at least one prior-year major depressive episode had greater levels of absenteeism, presenteeism, and total lost workdays compared with BD patients with only manic/hypomanic episode(s) during the previous 12 months (Kessler et al., 2006).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRheenen, T. E. V., Meyer, D., Neill, E., Phillipou, A., Tan, E. J., Toh, W. L., & Rossell, S. L. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.037 · Cited by 216
“In terms of work productivity, the cost per year to bipolar disorder is double that of depressive disorder, with a greater number of lost work days, and thus income, likely to confer heightened financial disadvantage (Kessler et al., 2006).”
BackgroundJudge, T. A., & Hurst, C. (2008) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.93.4.849 · Cited by 272
“Jones, Smith, & Johnston, 2005; Martocchio, Harrison, & Berkson, 2000), and productivity (Adler et al., 2006; Burton et al., 2005; Kessler et al., 2006; Keyes & Grzywacz, 2005).”
Mental Ill-Health and the Differential Effect of Employee Type on Absenteeism and Presenteeism
Hilton, M. F., Scuffham, P., Sheridan, J. S., Cleary, C. M., & Whiteford, H. (2008) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e31818c30a8 · Cited by 206
“6 billion in the USA per annum.(12) The estimates presented here put the cost of psychological distress in the UK at £4.”
BackgroundDeckersbach, T., Nierenberg, A. A., Kessler, R., Lund, H. G., Ametrano, R. M., Sachs, G., Rauch, S. L., & Dougherty, D. (2010) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2009.00110.x · Cited by 204
“The primary outcome measure of the study was the World Health Organization (WHO) HPQ as a measure of occupational functioning [4,39].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationMcIntyre, R. S., Suppes, T. M., Earley, W. R., Patel, M., & Stahl, S. M. (2019) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852919001287 · Cited by 203
The Public Health Impact of Major Depression: A Call for Interdisciplinary Prevention Efforts
McLaughlin, K. A. (2011) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-011-0231-8 · Cited by 213
“Individuals with depression lose 5.6 h of productive time at work per week compared to 1.6 h in non-depressed workers (Stewart et al. 2003), which results in 225 million lost workdays and $36.6 billion of salary-equivalent lost productivity per year associated with depression (Kessler et al. 2006).”
InfluentialEpidemiology of Major Depressive Disorder in Mainland China: A Systematic Review
Gu, L., Xie, J., Long, J., Chen, Q., Chen, Q., Pan, R., Yan, Y., Wu, G., Liang, B., Tan, J., et al. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065356 · Cited by 199
Machado-Vieira, R., Salvadore, G., Luckenbaugh, D. A., Manji, H. K., & Zarate, C. A. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v69n0610 · Cited by 195
Lucas, M., Mekary, R. A., Pan, A., Mirzaei, F., O’Reilly, É. J., Willett, W. C., Koenen, K. C., Okereke, O. I., & Ascherio, A. (2011) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwr218 · Cited by 201
Novel therapeutic targets in depression: Minocycline as a candidate treatment
Soczynska, J. K., Mansur, R. B., Brietzke, E. M., Swardfager, W., Kennedy, S. H., Woldeyohannes, H. O., Powell, A. M., Manierka, M. S., & McIntyre, R. S. (2012) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2012.07.026 · Cited by 192
“Mood disorders, notably major depressive disorder (MDD) nd bipolar disorder (BD), are leading causes of disability and remature mortality in developed and developing nations [1,2].”
Making the Case for IPS Supported Employment
Bond, G. R., & Drake, R. E. (2014) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-012-0444-6 · Cited by 189
“Including lost productivity, the total social cost of SMI is enormous (Drake et al. 2009; Hu 2006; Kessler et al. 2006; Knapp et al. 2004; Lim et al. 2001; Livermore et al. 2011; Salize et al. 2009; Wu et al. 2005).”
Under Diagnosis of Adult ADHD: Cultural Influences and Societal Burden
Asherson, P., Akehurst, R., Kooij, J. J. S., Huss, M., Beusterien, K., Sasané, R., Gholizadeh, S., & Hodgkins, P. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054711435360 · Cited by 189
“, 2008; Barkley, Murphy, O’Connell, & Connor, 2005) and (b) that the number of adults with ADHD in treatment is far lower than the actual number of adults with ADHD (Kessler et al., 2006).”
BackgroundWell-Being and the Risk of Depression under Stress
Grant, F., Guille, C., & Sen, S. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067395 · Cited by 189
“Depression is the leading cause of lost worker productivity and days lost to disability [1], [2] and accounts for an annual capital loss of $36 billion [3].”
BackgroundMaliken, A. C., & Katz, L. F. (2013) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-013-0132-4 · Cited by 187
Woo, Y. S., Rosenblat, J. D., Kakar, R., Bahk, W.-M., & McIntyre, R. S. (2016) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2016.14.1.1 · Cited by 183
Defining and Measuring Functional Recovery from Depression
Greer, T. L., Kurian, B. T., & Trivedi, M. H. (2010) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/11530230-000000000-00000 · Cited by 222
Kessler, R. C., Lane, M., Stang, P. E., & Van Brunt, D. L. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708003309 · Cited by 183
Self-citationRestoring function in major depressive disorder: A systematic review
Sheehan, D. V., Nakagome, K., Asami, Y., Pappadopulos, E. A., & Boucher, M. (2017) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2017.02.029 · Cited by 182
The impact of work environment on mood disorders and suicide: Evidence and implications
Woo, J., & Postolache, T. T. (2008) · International Journal on Disability and Human Development · doi:10.1515/ijdhd.2008.7.2.185 · Cited by 181
“Using the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, Kessle r and coworkers (3) reported that 1.”
MethodComer, J. S., & Barlow, D. H. (2013) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0033582 · Cited by 180
“Workers with MDD miss more days than their nondepressed counterparts, accounting for 225 million missed workdays each year and corresponding to an estimated $36.6 billion in annual lost productivity (Kessler et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialLeuchter, A. F., Cook, I. A., Marangell, L. B., Gilmer, W. S., Burgoyne, K. S., Howland, R. H., Trivedi, M. H., Zisook, S., Jain, R., McCracken, J. T., et al. (2009) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.06.004 · Cited by 181
Vitamin D and Depression: A Critical Appraisal of the Evidence and Future Directions
Menon, V., Kar, S. K., Suthar, N., & Nebhinani, N. (2019) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijpsym.ijpsym_160_19 · Cited by 184
“12 Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine | Volume 42 | Issue 1 | January-February 2020 economic and social consequences, such as decreased productivity and increased health care utilization costs.[5,6] Compounding the issue further, depression is associated with a high burden of nonresponse to conventional treatmen…”
BackgroundDistinguishing comorbidity and successful management of adult ADHD
Kooij, J. J. S., Huss, M., Asherson, P., Akehurst, R., Beusterien, K., French, A., Sasané, R., & Hodgkins, P. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054711435361 · Cited by 172
“According to data from the NCS-R, 38.3% of adult ADHD patients have a comorbid mood disorder, with a lifetime prevalence of 45% (Adler, Spencer, et al., 2008; Kessler et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAhola, K., Mika Kivimaki, B., Honkonen, T., Virtanen, M., Koskinen, S. V. P., Vahtera, J., & Lönnqvist, J. K. (2008) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2007.06.022 · Cited by 192
Machado-Vieira, R., Manji, H. K., & Zarate, C. A. (2009) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858409336093 · Cited by 171
Suppes, T. M., Datto, C. J., Minkwitz, M. C., Nordenhem, A., Walker, C., & Darko, D. F. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.10.007 · Cited by 169
Frank, E., Soreca, I., Swartz, H. A., Fagiolini, A. M., Mallinger, A. G., Thase, M. E., Grochocinski, V. J., Houck, P. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07121953 · Cited by 168
“In addition, patients with bipolar disorder who are employed have a higher number of annual missed work days than individuals without bipolar disorder (10) and tend to have more deficits in work performance when compared with persons with unipolar depression and with a nationally representative control group (11).”
Bipolar Disorder — A Focus on Depression
Frye, M. A. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcp1000402 · Cited by 170
Inflammatory mediators in major depression and bipolar disorder
Poletti, S., Mazza, M. G., & Benedetti, F. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-02921-z · Cited by 195
“Mood disorders have been recognized by the World Health Organization as a major source of disability, morbidity, and mortality worldwide [1].”
BackgroundShockley, K. M., Ispas, D., Rossi, M. E., & Levine, E. L. (2012) · Human Performance · doi:10.1080/08959285.2012.721832 · Cited by 184
“Cumulative episodes of sadness may result in depression, which is linked to not only poor performance (Kessler et al., 2006) but also to absenteeism (Plaisier et al., 2010) and healthcare costs (Berto, D’Ilario, Ruffo, Di Virgilio, & Rizzio, 2000).”
BackgroundLee, C., Dickson, D. A., Conley, C. S., & Holmbeck, G. N. (2014) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2014.33.6.560 · Cited by 163
“Depressive symptoms have been found to not only impact students during college, as observed in academics, interpersonal relationships, and overall quality of life (Rapaport, Clary, Fayyad, & Endicott, 2005), but also persist into adulthood (Kessler et al., 2006; Salmela-Aro, Aunola, & Nurmi, 2008).”
BackgroundWork Performance of Employees with Depression: The Impact of Work Stressors
Lerner, D., Adler, D. A., Rogers, W. H., Chang, G., Lapitsky, L., McLaughlin, T., & Reed, J. (2010) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.4278/ajhp.090313-quan-103 · Cited by 171
“Eligibility assessment involved the following steps: (1) research assistants (RAs) in primary care physician (PCP) offices invited patients, except those in obvious discomfort, to complete a brief self-report screening survey; (2) the PCP was informed of the result and asked to confirm medical eligibility; (3) confirm…”
Breast Cancer Survivors at Work
Hansen, J. A., Feuerstein, M. A., Calvio, L. C., & Olsen, C. H. (2008) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e318165159e · Cited by 159
“Job stress and its emotional sequelae can impact an individual’s ability to perform optimally at work.(14,15) Although it is reasonable to assume symptom burden may impact job stress, research has not always supported this notion.”
BackgroundBarger, L. K., Rajaratnam, S. M. W., Wang, W., O’Brien, C. S., Sullivan, J. P., Qadri, S., Lockley, S. W., Czeisler, C. A., & for the Harvard Work Hours, H. A. S. G. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.4534 · Cited by 169
“56 59 Thus, screening should be an initial step in evaluation and treatment programs for sleep disorders.”
Textbook of Psychiatric Epidemiology
(2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470976739 · Cited by 151
Knekt, P., Lindfors, O., Laaksonen, M. A., Raitasalo, R., Haaramo, P., & Järvikoski, A. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.08.005 · Cited by 147
“It has also been proposed that sickness presenteeism in the form of work cutback days is far more often an expression of reduced work capacity than actual absence from work (Kessler et al., 2006).”
BackgroundComparing the effects on work performance of mental and physical disorders
de Graaf, R., Tuithof, M., van Dorsselaer, S., & ten Have, M. (2012) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-012-0496-7 · Cited by 147
Ballenger, J. C. (2011) · Yearbook of Psychiatry and Applied Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ypsy.2010.10.088 · Cited by 146
Weigl, M., Stab, N., Herms, I., Angerer, P., Hacker, W., & Glaser, J. (2016) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.12948 · Cited by 169
Sleep Disturbances in Mood Disorders
Rumble, M. E., White, K. H., & Benca, R. M. (2015) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2015.07.006 · Cited by 145
Ability of a 9-Item Well-Being Index to Identify Distress and Stratify Quality of Life in US Workers
Dyrbye, L. N., Satele, D., & Shanafelt, T. D. (2016) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000000798 · Cited by 141
“Workers with mental health problems cost US employers $31 to $51 billion in lost productivity.(4,5) Mental health disorders are the leading cause for disability among workingaged US adults,(6) and among the most costly of all health conditions.”
BackgroundCognitive-behavioural interventions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults
Lopez, P. L., Torrente, F. M., Ciapponi, A., Lischinsky, A. G., Cetkovich-Bakmas, M., Rojas, J. I., Romano, M., & Manes, F. F. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd010840.pub2 · Cited by 140
ELGAMAL, S., McKINNON, M. C., RAMAKRISHNAN, K., JOFFE, R. T., & MacQUEEN, G. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707001110 · Cited by 141
“Although its effects are variable, MDD can cause impairment in cognitive functioning across multiple domains, including executive functioning and memory, with associated loss of productivity (Kessler et al. 2006).”
BackgroundWork Productivity in Brain Tumor Survivors
Feuerstein, M., Hansen, J. A., Calvio, L. C., Johnson, L. A., & Ronquillo, J. G. (2007) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e318095a458 · Cited by 139
Caddy, C., Giaroli, G., White, T. P., Shergill, S. S., & Tracy, D. K. (2013) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/2045125313507739 · Cited by 145
Hing, B., Sathyaputri, L., & Potash, J. B. (2018) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32616 · Cited by 137
“This disorder can severely affect social functioning of affected individuals, diminishing their quality of life, and increasing their risk of fatality through suicide (Bijl & Ravelli, 2000; Fredman,Weissman, Leaf, & Bruce, 1988; Kessler et al., 2006).”
BackgroundGodboldo-Brooks, A., Hagen, S. E., Sathyanarayanan, S., Schultz, A. B., & Edington, D. W. (2010) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0b013e3181f475cc · Cited by 140
Cocker, F., Martin, A. J., Scott, J. L., Venn, A., & Sanderson, K. A. (2013) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph10105062 · Cited by 136
Blair, A., Ross, N. A., Gariépy, G., & Schmitz, N. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-013-0810-z · Cited by 135
The WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys
Aguilar‐Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Chatterji, S., Lee, S., Üstün, T. B., & Kessler, R. C. (2009) · Die Psychiatrie · doi:10.1055/s-0038-1671923 · Cited by 132
“4% of workers were found to have an episode of MDD in the year of the survey, resulting in an average of over five weeks of lost work productivity (10).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAshworth, D. K., Sletten, T. L., Junge, M., Simpson, K., Clarke, D., Cunnington, D., & Rajaratnam, S. M. W. (2015) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000059 · Cited by 131
Ivanova, J. I., Birnbaum, H. G., Kidolezi, Y., Subramanian, G., Khan, S., & Stensland, M. D. (2010) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/03007995.2010.517716 · Cited by 133
“[0] Employees with disability data with at least 1 month eligibility from 2004–2007 2,232,365 [1] Employees identified as MDD 81,631 [2] Employees without psychoses, schizophrenia, bipolar/manic depression, or dementia 67,012 [3] Employees with at least one antidepressant claim starting 1/1/2004 39,059 [4] Eligible at…”
BackgroundSelf-citationClinical practice recommendations for bipolar disorder
Malhi, G. S., Adams, D., Lampe, L. A., Paton, M. B., O’Connor, N., Newton, L., Walter, G., Taylor, A., Porter, R., Mulder, R., et al. (2009) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01383.x · Cited by 127
“In part, this occurs because bipolar disorder most often begins with a depressive episode that naturally leads to a diagnosis of depression (16, 17), and usually, several depressive episodes precede the first episode of mania or hypomania (18, 19).”
BackgroundInterventions to improve occupational health in depressed people
Nieuwenhuijsen, K., Bültmann, U., Neumeyer-Gromen, A., Verhoeven, A. C., Verbeek, J. H., & Feltz-Cornelis, C. M. (2008) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006237.pub2 · Cited by 129
Woo, J., Kim, W. B., Hwang, T.-Y., Frick, K. D., Choi, B. H., Seo, Y.-J., Kang, E.-H., Kim, S. J., Ham, B., Lee, J., et al. (2011) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2010.11.006 · Cited by 136
“4% have been reported to meet the criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) [2], and 4.”
BackgroundMethodDepression and the workplace: A progress report
Bender, A., & Farvolden, P. (2008) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-008-0013-6 · Cited by 126
Trivedi, M. H., Morris, D. W., Wisniewski, S. R., Lesser, I. M., Nierenberg, A. A., Daly, E., Kurian, B. T., Gaynes, B. N., Balasubramani, G. K., & Rush, A. J. (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12020250 · Cited by 123
“In addition, one study (5) found that major depression was associated with 8.”
Niedhammer, I., Malard, L., & Chastang, J. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1559-y · Cited by 120
Caldwell, K. E., Sheema, S., Paz, R., Samudio‐Ruiz, S. L., LAUGHLIN, M., SPENCE, N., Roehlk, M. J., Alcon, S. N., & Allan, A. M. (2008) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2008.05.004 · Cited by 120
N-acetylcysteine for major depressive episodes in bipolar disorder
Magalhães, P. V. D. S., Dean, O. M., Bush, A. I., Copolov, D., Malhi, G. S., Kohlmann, K., Jeavons, S., Schapkaitz, I., Anderson‐Hunt, M., & Berk, M. (2011) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462011000400011 · Cited by 113
Improving adherence in mood disorders: the struggle against relapse, recurrence and suicide risk
Pompili, M., Serafini, G., CASALE, A. D., Rigucci, S., Innamorati, M., Girardi, P., Tatarelli, R., & Lester, D. (2009) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.09.62 · Cited by 117
Metadata
- Authors
- Kessler, R. C., Akiskal, H. S., Ames, M., Birnbaum, H., Greenberg, P., .A, R. M., Jin, R., Merikangas, K. R., Simon, G. E., & Wang, P. S.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2006-09
- Volume
- 163
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1561-1568
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- PMC
- PMC1924724
- OpenAlex
- W2120839478
- Cited by
- 868
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 53 · 2016: 60 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 64 · 2012: 60
- FWCI
- 27.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (R01 DA016558)
- John W. Alden Trust
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- GlaxoSmithKline
- World Health Organization
- Harvard University
- Michigan State University
- Johns Hopkins University
- University of Pittsburgh
- National Institutes of Health (5r13mh066849-04, 5r01mh069864-04)
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
- College of Engineering, Michigan State University
- Pfizer Foundation (R01‐MH069864, R01-DA016558)
- Pan American Health Organization
- National Institute of Mental Health (R13-MH-066849, U01-MH-60220, MH60220, U13MH066849, U01MH060220, R01‐MH069864)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K05DA015799, R01DA016558)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- mood disorders, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, employee performance, work impairment, lost workdays, mania, hypomania, prevalence
- MeSH terms
- Absenteeism, Adolescent, Adult, Bipolar Disorder, Costs and Cost Analysis, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Efficiency, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Occupations, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Task Performance and Analysis, United States, Work, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Workplace, Mood Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
