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Sex Differences in the Functional Neuroanatomy of Working Memory in Adults With ADHD
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OBJECTIVE: Although attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults is associated with significant morbidity and dysfunction and afflicts both sexes, relatively few imaging studies have examined female subjects and none have had sufficient power to adequately examine sex differences. The authors examined sex differences in the neural functioning of adults with ADHD during performance of a verbal working memory task. METHOD: The participants were 44 adults with ADHD matched on age, sex, and estimated IQ to 49 comparison subjects. Accuracy and reaction time on an N-back task were measured to assess working memory. The blood-oxygen-level-dependent functional MRI response was used as a measure of neural activity. RESULTS: A group-by-sex analysis of variance showed no between-group differences in either reaction time or percent correct for the working memory task. For both sexes combined, the adults with ADHD showed less activity than comparison subjects in prefrontal regions. However, sex-by-group analyses revealed an interaction, such that male ADHD subjects showed significantly less activity in right frontal, temporal, and subcortical regions and left occipital and cerebellar regions relative to male comparison subjects, whereas female ADHD subjects showed no differences from female comparison subjects. Exploratory correlation analyses revealed negative associations between working-memory-related activation and number of hyperactive symptoms for men and number of inattentive symptoms for women. CONCLUSIONS: Male but not female adults with ADHD showed significantly altered patterns of neural activity during a verbal working memory task. Men and women showed different associations between neural activity and ADHD symptoms.
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“A study in adults with ADHD found that 23 males had significant underactivation in widespread networks of frontal, temporal, cerebellar, occipital and subcortical regions during WM, whereas 21 females with ADHD showed no impairment relative to control females (Valera et al., 2010).”
From Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Its Clinical Translation (2018) · cites this paper as Valera et al., 2010
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Nussbaum, N. L. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054711416909 · Cited by 241
“Using a working memory (WM) paradigm with adults, it was found that males but not females showed significantly less neural activity in a number of brain regions relative to gender-, age-, and IQ-matched comparison participants (Valera et al., 2010; see Table 1).”
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Gender differences in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A narrative review
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“05 at cluster level.”
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Sex differences in stress regulation of arousal and cognition
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Orbitofrontal reward sensitivity and impulsivity in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
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“…feedback vs. monetary reward), its location within the OFC (medial, antero-lateral, postero-lateral) as well as its generalizability to female ADHD patients (cf. Valera et al., 2010) and interaction with comorbid disorders (e.g. conduct disorder, Cubillo et al., 2011; Rubia et al., 2009c).”
BackgroundLi, A., Cao, Q., Sui, M., Sun, L., Zou, Q., Zang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2013) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-013-1353-8 · Cited by 124
Davies, W. (2014) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.03.003 · Cited by 132
“…showed reduced activation relative to healthy males in frontal, temporal, subcortical, occipital and cerebellar regions, whereas affected and healthy females demonstrated activation was related to the number of hyperactive symptoms in men, but to inattentive symptoms in women (Valera et al., 2010).”
BackgroundSoff, C., Sotnikova, A., Christiansen, H., Becker, K., & Siniatchkin, M. (2017) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-016-1646-y · Cited by 111
“(2) The lower performance of ADHD patients in n-back tasks may be explained by diminished activation of the prefrontal cortex, especially of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), as evidenced by a number of fMRI and neurophysiological studies (Bedard et al. 2014; Cubillo et al. 2014; McCarthy et al. 2014; Siniat…”
BackgroundSex differences in grey matter atrophy patterns among AD and aMCI patients: Results from ADNI
Skup, M., Hongtu Zhu, B., Wang, Y., Giovanello, K. S., Lin, J.-A., Shen, D. G., Shi, F., Gao, W., Lin, W., Yong Fan, A., et al. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.02.060 · Cited by 124
“…group, several fMRI memory studies have indicated that males and females differentially activate the insula while performing a memory related task, suggesting that there are sex-related differences in relative BOLD signal change associated with memory (Piefke et al., 2005; Valera et al., 2010).”
Dai, Z., de Souza, J., Lim, J., Ho, P. M., Chen, Y., Li, J., Thakor, N. V., Bezerianos, A., & Sun, Y. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00237 · Cited by 115
“In this study, EEG data was recorded during n-back tasks (Krieger et al., 2005; Ravizza et al., 2005; Valera et al., 2010) at two difficulty levels [0-back (control task) vs. 2-back (WM task)] and transformed into the source space using the exact Low Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography (eLORETA;…”
MethodMazaheri, A., Fassbender, C., Coffey‐Corina, S., Hartanto, T. A., Schweitzer, J. B., & Mangun, G. R. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.08.023 · Cited by 105
Cubillo, A., Halari, R., Giampietro, V., Taylor, E., & Rubia, K. (2011) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.12.014 · Cited by 107
Kucyi, A., Hove, M. J., Biederman, J., Dijk, K. R. A. V., & Valera, E. M. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22850 · Cited by 95
“…particularly as it relates to cognition, is not usually emphasized in ADHD, previous studies have revealed cerebellar structural abnormalities and decreased activations during cognitive task performance [Ivanov et al., 2014; Makris et al., in press; Stoodley, 2014; Valera et al., 2007, 2010b].”
BackgroundResultWong, C. G., & Stevens, M. C. (2012) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.11.011 · Cited by 80
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of behavioural sex differences in executive control
Gaillard, A., Fehring, D. J., & Rossell, S. L. (2020) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14946 · Cited by 98
Cubillo, A., Smith, A. B., Barrett, N., Giampietro, V., Brammer, M., Simmons, A., & Rubia, K. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713000676 · Cited by 88
“The findings extend previous evidence of underfunctioning of the DLPFC in adult ADHD during WM (Valera et al. 2010) and in ADHD children during other attention and executive function tasks (Rubia, 2011; Cubillo et al.”
BackgroundSotnikova, A., Soff, C., Tagliazucchi, E., Becker, K., & Siniatchkin, M. (2017) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-017-0552-4 · Cited by 85
“(2) The lower performance of ADHD patients in n-back tasks may be explained by diminished activation of the prefrontal cortex, especially of the DLPFC, as evidenced by a number of fMRI and neurophysiological studies (Valera et al. 2010; Bedard et al. 2014; Cubillo et al. 2014; McCarthy et al. 2014).”
BackgroundStructural and functional brain imaging in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Cubillo, A., & Rubia, K. (2010) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.10.4 · Cited by 81
Working Memory-Related Functional Brain Patterns in Never Medicated Children with ADHD
Massat, I., Slama, H., Kavec, M., Linotte, S., Mary, A., Baleriaux, D., Metens, T., Mendlewicz, J., & Peigneux, P. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049392 · Cited by 76
“Finally, our results failed to evidence any significant WMrelated differences between ADHD and controls in prefrontal regions, although considered a critical neural substrate for WM in many studies [12,15,41].”
ResultFassbender, C., Schweitzer, J. B., Cortes, C. R., Tagamets, M. A., Windsor, T. A., Reeves, G. M., & Gullapalli, R. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027240 · Cited by 72
“Recent imaging studies on working memory in adults and children with ADHD have implicated a number of brain regions in ADHD working memory impairment, including frontal [8,9], parietal [10] and temporal [11] cortices.”
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Teachers’ recognition of children with ADHD : role of subtype and gender
Moldavsky, M., Groenewald, C., Owen, V., & Sayal, K. S. (2012) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/j.1475-3588.2012.00653.x · Cited by 73
“, 2002; Levy, Hay, Bennett, & McStephen, 2005), for example, involving a higher prevalence of inattentive subtype in girls and more oppositional behaviour in boys; actual gender differences in neural activation (Valera et al., 2010); and”
BackgroundBreitling, C., Zaehle, T., Dannhauer, M., Tegelbeckers, J., Flechtner, H., & Krauel, K. (2020) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2019.12.412 · Cited by 67
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“Though the effect sizes in the right IFC suggest a similar pattern of results across gender in the present case, potential gender differences in adult ADHD remain an important avenue for future research [Valera et al., 2010].”
ResultCharacterising resting-state functional connectivity in a large sample of adults with ADHD
Mostert, J. C., Shumskaya, E., Mennes, M., Onnink, A. M. H., Hoogman, M., Kan, C. C., Vásquez, A. A., Buitelaar, J. K., Franke, B., & Norris, D. G. (2016) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.01.011 · Cited by 64
“Problemswithworkingmemory, attention and cognitive control in ADHDhave been attributed to reduced activity in brain regions in the right and left frontoparietal networks (Valera et al., 2010),while deficits in reward, timing, response inhibition, and impulsivity have been linked to aberrant functioning of frontal–stri…”
BackgroundThe influence of sex-linked genetic mechanisms on attention and impulsivity
Trent, S., & Davies, W. (2011) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.09.011 · Cited by 62
Gender differences in adult ADHD: Cognitive function assessed by the test of attentional performance
Stibbe, T., Huang, J., Paucke, M., Ulke, C., & Strauß, M. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0240810 · Cited by 80
“Moreover, they found negative correlations between hyperactive symptoms in men and inattentive symptoms in women, suggesting a difference in presentation between the sexes [64].”
BackgroundRelationship of DAT1 and adult ADHD to task-positive and task-negative working memory networks
Brown, A. B., Biederman, J., Valera, E., Makris, N., Doyle, A., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Mick, E., Spencer, T., Faraone, S., & Seidman, L. (2011) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.01.006 · Cited by 53
“Our contrast of interest was the activation associated with the 2-back condition using the 0-back condition as a control baseline, as in previous studies (Cohen et al., 1994; Valera et al., 2005, 2010).”
InfluentialGeissler, J. M., & Lesch, K. (2011) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.11.136 · Cited by 57
Dissociation of working memory impairments and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the brain
Mattfeld, A. T., Whitfield, S., Biederman, J., Spencer, T. J., Brown, A., Fried, R. S., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2015) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2015.12.003 · Cited by 55
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Handedness in ADHD: Meta-Analyses
Nastou, E., Ocklenburg, S., Hoogman, M., & Παπαδάτου-Παστού, Μ. (2022) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-021-09530-3 · Cited by 47
The Impact of Financial Reward Contingencies on Cognitive Function Profiles in Adult ADHD
Marx, I., Höpcke, C., Berger, C., Wandschneider, R., & Herpertz, S. C. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067002 · Cited by 52
“In contrast, two other studies found performance accuracy to be unimpaired but they failed to analyze reaction times [48,53], and another study found reaction time to be prolonged but they failed to analyze performance accuracy [54].”
BackgroundMethodResultPostural sway and regional cerebellar volume in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Hove, M. J., Zeffiro, T. A., Biederman, J., Li, Z., Schmahmann, J., & Valera, E. M. (2015) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2015.05.005 · Cited by 46
“As in previous studies (Valera et al., 2010a, 2010b) to assess ADHD, we used a module modified for adults from the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children (Orvaschel, 1994).”
Carucci, S., Narducci, C., Bazzoni, M., Balia, C., Donno, F., Gagliano, A., & Zuddas, A. (2022) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.25038 · Cited by 53
Norman, L. J., Carlisi, C. O., Christakou, A., Cubillo, A., Murphy, C. M., Chantiluke, K. C., Simmons, A., Giampietro, V., Brammer, M. J., Mataix‐Cols, D., et al. (2017) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2017.04.013 · Cited by 47
Cortese, S., Castellanos, F. X., Eickhoff, C. R., D’Acunto, G., Masi, G., Fox, P. T., Laird, A. R., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.06.014 · Cited by 43
“We note that individual fMRI studies have reported sex differences in patterns of neuronal activity, for example, in tasks of working memory (56), as well as differential activation of regions between the combined and predominantly inattentive subtypes (termed presentations in DSM-5), for instance, in go/no-go tasks (…”
BackgroundMethodvan Ewijk, H., Weeda, W. D., Heslenfeld, D. J., Luman, M., Hartman, C. A., Hoekstra, P. J., Faraone, S. V., Franke, B., Buitelaar, J. K., & Oosterlaan, J. (2015) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.07.003 · Cited by 39
“This finding is consistent with the absence of a group-by-gender interaction at the behavioural level, but is in contrast to our hypothesis based on a previous report, which suggested that only males with ADHD show abnormal VSWM-related brain activation patterns (Valera et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationGender differences in aggression of borderline personality disorder
Mancke, F., Bertsch, K., & Herpertz, S. C. (2015) · Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation · doi:10.1186/s40479-015-0028-7 · Cited by 41
“Men affected with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder demonstrated reduced activation during a working memory task in frontal, temporal, subcortical, occipital and cerebellar regions relative to healthy males, whereas affected and healthy females demonstrated equivalent activations [98].”
BackgroundFunctional imaging changes in the medial prefrontal cortex in adult ADHD
Salavert, J., Ramos-Quiroga, J. A., Moreno-Alcázar, A., Caseras, X., Palomar, G., Radua, J., Bosch, R., Salvador, R., McKenna, P. J., Casas, M., et al. (2018) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054715611492 · Cited by 39
“In contrast, findings in adult ADHD have been inconsistent, with reports of reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex (dorso- and ventro-lateral and also medial prefrontal regions), occipito-parietal cortices, striatum, cerebellum, anterior cingulated, and insula (Bayerl et al., 2010; Cubillo & Rubia, 2010; McCarthy,…”
BackgroundResultAnterior insula hyperactivation in ADHD when faced with distracting negative stimuli
Vetter, N. C., Buse, J., Backhausen, L. L., Rubia, K., Smolka, M. N., & Roessner, V. (2018) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24053 · Cited by 41
“Furthermore, we assessed only boys due to the larger prevalence for males in ADHD (Polanczyk, de Lima, Horta, Biederman, & Rohde, 2007; Willcutt, 2012) and to achieve greater homogeneity across participants given evidence for gender differences in brain activation in ADHD patients (Poissant, Rapin, Chenail, & Mendrek,…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialStroux, D., Shushakova, A., Geburek, A. J., Ohrmann, P., Rist, F., & Pedersen, A. (2015) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2015.05.021 · Cited by 39
Reed, J. L., Gallagher, N. M., Sullivan, M. E., Callicott, J. H., & Green, A. E. (2017) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2017.01.001 · Cited by 38
“…al., 2013; Frederikse, Lu, Aylward, Barta, & Pearlson, 1999; Ingalhalikar et al., 2014; Sowell et al., 2007), and data indicating differences in WM-related brain activity (Bell et al., 2006; Goldstein et al., 2005; Haut & Barch, 2006; Li, Luo, & Gong, 2010; Speck et al., 2000; Valera et al., 2010).”
InfluentialPrediction of ADHD to Anxiety Disorders
Tai, Y., Gau, C., Gau, S. S., & Chiu, H. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712437581 · Cited by 36
“This finding is corresponding to some studies (Pliszka, 2000; Valera et al., 2010) but discrepant to others (Elia et al.”
ResultFrequency bands in seeing and remembering: comparing ADHD and typically developing children
Fabio, R. A., Caprì, T., Mohammadhasani, N., Gangemi, A., Gagliano, A., & Martino, G. (2018) · Neuropsychological Trends · doi:10.7358/neur-2018-024-fabi · Cited by 35
“…on WM tasks also reported an absence of significant behavioral differences on the same tasks during the neuroimaging or EGG (Chantiluke, Barrett, Giampietro, Brammer, Simmons, & Rubia, 2015; Fassbender et al., 2011; Ko et al., 2013; Li et al., 2014; Valera et al., 2005, 2010; Vance et al., 2007).”
BackgroundKalpakidou, A. K., Allin, M. P. G., Walshe, M., Giampietro, V., McGuire, P. K., Rifkin, L., Murray, R. M., & Nosarti, C. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113975 · Cited by 35
“Hypoactivity in the DLPFC has been described in developmentally delayed populations, such as individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder during executive-type tasks [75, 76].”
BackgroundVillemonteix, T., Brito, S. A. D., Slama, H., Kavec, M., Balériaux, D. F., Metens, T., Baijot, S., Mary, A., Peigneux, P., & Massat, I. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.06.001 · Cited by 38
“, 2004) and functional brain imaging studies of children with ADHD (Ernst et al., 1994; Valera et al., 2010).”
BackgroundTakeuchi, H., Tomita, H., Taki, Y., Kikuchi, Y., Ono, C., Yu, Z., Sekiguchi, A., Nouchi, R., Kotozaki, Y., Nakagawa, S., et al. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.01.053 · Cited by 35
Alderson, R. M., Patros, C. H. G., Tarle, S. J., Hudec, K. L., Kasper, L. J., & Lea, S. E. (2017) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2015.1105207 · Cited by 33
“Notably, these findings are consistent with previous studies that failed to detect significant between-group (ADHD, TD) differences on (n ≥ 2)-back tasks (e.g., Valera et al., 2010).”
ResultUpdate on Sexual Dimorphism in Brain Structure–Function Interrelationships: A Literature Review
Pallayová, M., Brandeburová, A., & Tokarova, D. (2019) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-019-09443-1 · Cited by 33
Lahav, O., Ben-Simon, A., Inbar-Weiss, N., & Katz, N. (2015) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054714564621 · Cited by 35
“Retz-Junginger, Rosler, Jacob, Alm, and Retz (2010) claim that despite the growing interest in the study of ADHD in adults, most of the knowledge accumulated about ADHD is based on research performed among children and adolescents and primarily on male study samples (Dupuy, Clarke, & Barry, 2013; Valera et al., 2010).”
BackgroundEarly sleep deprivation and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Tso, W. W. Y., Chan, M., Ho, F. K. W., Rao, N., Li, A. M., Chan, K. L., Tiwari, A., Wong, I. C. K., Wing, Y. K., Voorhees, B. W. V., et al. (2019) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-019-0280-4 · Cited by 31
Cunff, A. L., Dommett, E. J., & Giampietro, V. (2023) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16201 · Cited by 40
“Finally, Valera et al. (2010) found that female ADHD participants showed no differences from female controls in WM-related brain regions during cognitive load tasks, whereas male ADHD participants displayed significantly less activity.”
BackgroundInfluentialJang, S., Choi, J., Oh, J., Yeom, J., Hong, N., Lee, N., Kwon, J. H., Hong, J., Kim, J., & Kim, E. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.564618 · Cited by 32
“In addition, although previous studies have shown sex differences, such as hypofrontality only in males, we did not conduct a subgroup analysis by sex due to the small sample size of this study (72, 73).”
ResultKalpakidou, A. K., Allin, M. P. G., Walshe, M., Giampietro, V., Nam, K.-W., McGuire, P. K., Rifkin, L., Murray, R. M., & Nosarti, C. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034858 · Cited by 29
“Hypoactivity in the DLPFC has been described in developmentally delayed populations, such as individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) during executive-type tasks [66,67].”
BackgroundWang, M., Yu, J., Kim, H.-D., & Cruz, A. B. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.116338 · Cited by 31
Zhou, M., Yang, C., Bu, X., Liang, Y., Lin, H., Hu, X., Chen, H., Wang, M., & Huang, X. (2019) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-019-01297-6 · Cited by 28
Guo, J., Luo, X., Wang, E., Li, B., Chang, Q., Sun, L., & Song, Y. (2019) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100671 · Cited by 26
Yap, K. H., Manan, H. A., & Sharip, S. (2020) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112888 · Cited by 29
Working memory network alterations and associated symptoms in adults with ADHD and Bipolar Disorder
Brown, A., Biederman, J., Valera, E. M., Lomedico, A., Aleardi, M., Makris, N., & Seidman, L. J. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.01.008 · Cited by 25
“Generally the findings show hypoactivation in fronto-parietal-cerebellar ROIs (Bayerl et al., 2010; Hale et al., 2007; Sheridan et al., 2007; Valera et al., 2005; 2010), as well as in subcortical regions when they are studied (Vance et al., 2007; Wolf et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLi, Y., Li, F. Y., He, N., Guo, L., Huang, X., Lui, S., & Gong, Q. (2014) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.03.013 · Cited by 25
Salmi, J., Soveri, A., Salmela, V. R., Alho, K., Leppämäki, S., Tani, P., Koski, A., Jaeggi, S. M., & Laine, M. (2020) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25164 · Cited by 24
“For instance, in their seminal study, Valera, Faraone, Biederman, Poldrack, and Seidman (2005) reported hypoactivity in cerebellar, occipital and prefrontal areas in twenty participants with ADHD as compared with a similar-sized control group, and their later study replicated these findings with a larger sample (Valer…”
BackgroundResultKarlsson, L., Tuominen, L. J., Huotarinen, A., Leppämäki, S., Sihvola, E., Helin, S., Sipilä, M., Tani, P., Hirvonen, J., Hietala, J. A., et al. (2013) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.02.001 · Cited by 21
“, 2010) and ADHD-related neural networks (Valera et al., 2010) show sex differences.”
Chen, Y., Li, G., Ide, J. S., Luo, X., & Li, C.-S. R. (2021) · Neuroimage: Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ynirp.2021.100025 · Cited by 16
Sörös, P., Bachmann, K., Lam, A. P., Kanat, M., Hoxhaj, E., Matthies, S., Feige, B., Müller, H., Thiel, C. M., & Philipsen, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00170 · Cited by 19
“Second, the brains of girls and boys as well as women and men with ADHD may be affected in a differential way (21, 22).”
BackgroundStobernack, T., de Vries, S. P. W., Pereira, R. R., Pelsser, L. M. J., ter Braak, C. J. F., Aarts, E., van Baarlen, P., Kleerebezem, M., Frankena, K., & Hontelez, S. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029422 · Cited by 17
“Due to gender differences 56 and functional special-isation of the brain in left-handed and right-handed individuals, 57 the study population is restricted to right-handed boys.”
Bollmann, S., Ghisleni, C., Poil, S., Martin, E., Ball, J., Eich‐Höchli, D., Klaver, P., Tuura, R., Michels, L., & Brandeis, D. (2015) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2015.1112034 · Cited by 19
“We focussed on WM task- and load-related activations and deactivations, as these are characteristic for WM and may be altered in ADHD (Michels et al. 2010; Valera et al. 2010).”
MethodIs Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder a Risk Syndrome for Parkinson’s Disease?
Baumeister, A. A. (2021) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000283 · Cited by 17
Mogadam, A., Keller, A. E., Arnold, P. D., Schachar, R. J., Lerch, J. P., Anagnostou, E. A., & Pang, E. W. (2019) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-019-9280-2 · Cited by 17
Franczak, Ł., Podwalski, P., Wysocki, P., Dawidowski, B., Jędrzejewski, A., Jabłoński, M., & Samochowiec, J. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13226906 · Cited by 22
Poissant, H., Rapin, L., Chenail, S., & Mendrek, A. (2016) · Psychiatry Journal · doi:10.1155/2016/6810215 · Cited by 15
“Valera and colleagues (2010) [14] found thatwhile performing a verbal WM task, males with ADHD showed significantly less activation in the right frontal, right temporal, left occipital, cerebellar, and some subcortical regions.”
BackgroundWhat do ADHD Neuroimaging Studies Reveal for Teachers, Teacher Educators and Inclusive Education?
Boon, H. J. (2020) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-019-09542-4 · Cited by 16
Doi, H., Kanai, C., & Ohta, H. (2022) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2712 · Cited by 14
“Regarding the overrepresentation of male patients (4:1 in ASD and 2:1 to 9:1 in ADHD; Rucklidge, 2008), most of the literature, including the studies conducting transdiagnostic comparison, on ASD and ADHD are focussed on men, and relatively little attention has been paid to female patients (Lai et al., 2011, 2013; Val…”
BackgroundInfluentialMarx, I., Krause, J., Berger, C., & Häßler, F. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0107750 · Cited by 14
“However, males and females with ADHD have been found to display differential brain activation patterns while performing the n-back task, with males, but not females, being impaired relative to controls [89].”
BackgroundKim, S., & Kim, M. (2016) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2016.14.1.64 · Cited by 14
SNAP-25 Puts SNAREs at Center Stage in Metabolic Disease
Irfan, M., Daraio, T., & Bark, C. (2018) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.07.035 · Cited by 14
Farruggia, M. C., Laird, A. R., & Mattfeld, A. T. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.01.30.927210 · Cited by 16
Kowalczyk, O. S., Cubillo, A. I., Criaud, M., Giampietro, V., O’Daly, O., Mehta, M. A., & Rubia, K. (2023) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-023-06422-7 · Cited by 17
“Finally, some of these findings may also be attributed to sex differences, given that our sample comprised only boys and males with ADHD tend to exhibit more pronounced differences from their neurotypical peers than females with ADHD (Valera et al. 2010; Dupont et al. 2022).”
BackgroundGoodman, D. (2013) · Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management · doi:10.2147/tcrm.s30762 · Cited by 13
Gonchigsuren, O., Harada, M., Hisaoka, S., Higashi, K., Matsumoto, Y., Sumida, N., Mori, T., Ito, H., Mori, K., & Miyoshi, M. (2022) · Japanese Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1007/s11604-021-01239-w · Cited by 12
Utility of the N-back task in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Luxton, J., Brinkman, T. M., Kimberg, C., Robison, L., Hudson, M., & Krull, K. (2014) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2014.957168 · Cited by 10
“However, studies have reported differential brain activation by gender during N-back performance in populations with known risk of cognitive deficit (Phillips et al., 2011; Valera et al., 2010).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Valera, E. M., Brown, A., Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Makris, N., Monuteaux, M. C., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Vitulano, M., Schiller, M., & Seidman, L. J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Boston University (US)
- SUNY Upstate Medical University (US)
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Valera, Eve M
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2010-01-01
- Volume
- 167
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 86-94
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- PMC
- PMC3777217
- OpenAlex
- W2151036885
- Cited by
- 138
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 5.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- March of Dimes Foundation
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- Massachusetts General Hospital (P41RR14075, 071535)
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- Shire
- National Institutes of Health (071535, 1f32mh065040-01a1)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-084041, MH 16259, F32 MH065040, MH-62152, K23MH071535, MH-071535, R01MH057934, MH-57934, R01MH062152, R21MH084041, T32MH016259)
- National Center for Research Resources (071535, P41-RR-14075, P41RR014075)
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (1P01 AT-002048-06, P01AT002048)
- Janssen Pharmaceuticals
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- adult ADHD, sex differences, working memory, functional neuroanatomy, n-back task, prefrontal cortex, inattentive symptoms, neuronal activation, cerebellum, temporal lobe
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attention, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Brain, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Intelligence Tests, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Neuropsychological Tests, Oxygen, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Reaction Time, Sex Factors, Prefrontal Cortex, Sex Distribution
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