Development of Cortical Surface Area and Gyrification in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Open accessAbstract
Background Delineation of the cortical anomalies underpinning attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can powerfully inform pathophysiological models. We previously found that ADHD is characterized by a delayed maturation of prefrontal cortical thickness. We now ask if this extends to the maturation of cortical surface area and gyrification.Methods Two hundred thirty-four children with ADHD and 231 typically developing children participated in the study, with 837 neuroanatomic magnetic resonance images acquired longitudinally. We defined the developmental trajectories of cortical surfaces and gyrification and the sequence of cortical maturation, as indexed by the age at which each cortical vertex attained its peak surface area.Results In both groups, the maturation of cortical surface area progressed in centripetal waves, both lateral (starting at the central sulcus and frontopolar regions, sweeping toward the mid and superior frontal gyrus) and medial (descending down the medial prefrontal cortex, toward the cingulate gyrus). However, the surface area developmental trajectory was delayed in ADHD. For the right prefrontal cortex, the median age by which 50% of cortical vertices attained peak area was 14.6 years (SE = .03) in ADHD, significantly later than in typically developing group at 12.7 years (SE = .03) [log-rank test χ(¹)² = 1300, p < .00001]. Similar, but less pronounced, delay was found in the left hemispheric lobes. There were no such diagnostic differences in the developmental trajectories of cortical gyrification.Conclusions The congruent delay in cortical thickness and surface area direct attention away from processes that selectively affect one cortical component toward mechanisms controlling the maturation of multiple cortical dimensions.
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Widespread deviations in cortical thickness persist in many adults with ADHD.
“Indeed, widespread deviations in cortical thickness persist in many adults with ADHD. Findings include both cortical thinning (in the superior frontal cortex, pre central cortex, inferior and superior parietal cortex, temporal pole and medial temporal cortex) 89,96 and cortical thickening (in the pre-supplementary motor area, somatosensory cortex and occipital cortex) 97 .”
From Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2015) · cites this paper as [89]
The Discussion (page not provided) reports a cross-sectional study finding posterior cortical thinning in adults with ADHD, which supports adult cortical deviations in part. But this paper’s own data were predominantly from people under 18, and its Discussion says more adult data are needed to determine whether structural deficits persist. It does not establish widespread thickness deviations in many adults. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Subject-level measurement of local cortical coupling
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- Authors
- Shaw, P., Malek, M., Watson, B., Sharp, W., Evans, A., & Greenstein, D.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Shaw, Philip
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-08
- Volume
- 72
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 191-197
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10376909
- OpenAlex
- W2162216944
- Cited by
- 357
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 20.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health
- National Human Genome Research Institute
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, cortical surface area, cortical gyrification, cortical maturation, prefrontal cortex, developmental trajectories, cortical thickness, children, brain development
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Female, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Functional Laterality, Longitudinal Studies, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Models, Statistical, Kaplan-Meier Estimate
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