Transcranial direct current stimulation modulates neuronal networks in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Open accessAbstract
Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the prefrontal cortex has been repeatedly shown to improve working memory (WM). Since patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are characterized by both underactivation of the prefrontal cortex and deficits in WM, the modulation of prefrontal activity with tDCS in ADHD patients may increase their WM performance as well as improve the activation and connectivity of the WM network. In the present study, this hypothesis was tested using a double-blind sham-controlled experimental design. After randomization, sixteen adolescents with ADHD underwent either anodal tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC, 1 mA, 20 min) or sham stimulation with simultaneous fMRI during n-back WM task. Both in one-back and two-back conditions, tDCS led to a greater activation (compared with sham stimulation) of the left DLPFC (under the electrode), left premotor cortex, left supplementary motor cortex, and precuneus. The effects of tDCS were long-lasting and influenced resting state functional connectivity even 20 min after the stimulation, with patterns of strengthened DLPFC connectivity after tDCS outlining the WM network. In summary, anodal tDCS caused increased neuronal activation and connectivity, not only in the brain area under the stimulating electrode (i.e. left DLPFC) but also in other, more remote brain regions. Because of moderate behavioral effects of tDCS, the significance of this technique for ADHD treatment has to be investigated in further studies.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the same cognitive WM/attention task, ADHD adolescents improved in reaction time and its variability but became worse in omission and commission errors after stimulation compared to sham.
“In the same cognitive WM/attention task, ADHD adolescents improved in reaction time and its variability but became worse in omission and commission errors after stimulation compared to sham (Sotnikova et al., 2017).”
From Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Its Clinical Translation (2018) · cites this paper as Sotnikova et al., 2017
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
Tzourio-Mazoyer, N., Landeau, B., Papathanassiou, D., Crivello, F., Etard, O., Delcroix, N., Mazoyer, B., & Joliot, M. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0978 · Cited by 16,319 · see citing works
Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: A general linear approach
Friston, K. J., Holmes, A. P., Worsley, K. J., Poline, J. ‐., Frith, C. D., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1994) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.460020402 · Cited by 9,688 · see citing works
Nitsche, M. A., & Paulus, W. (2000) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7793.2000.t01-1-00633.x · Cited by 5,656 · see citing works
A new SPM toolbox for combining probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps and functional imaging data
Eickhoff, S. B., Stephan, K. E., Mohlberg, H., Grefkes, C., Fink, G. R., Amunts, K., & Zilles, K. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.12.034 · Cited by 4,033 · see citing works
Large-scale automated synthesis of human functional neuroimaging data.
Yarkoni, T., Poldrack, R. A., Nichols, T. E., Van Essen, D. C., & Wager, T. D. (2011) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.1635 · Cited by 3,686 · cited 5× · see citing works
“We formalized this observation by computing the mean connectivity with the DLPFC after tDCS and sham inside masks based on Neurosynth’s WM map as well as inside 5 well-established resting state networks (RSN): visual, auditory, sensorimotor, DMN, and executive control (Beckmann et al.”
ResultInfluentialInvestigations into resting-state connectivity using independent component analysis
Beckmann, C. F., DeLuca, M., Devlin, J. T., & Smith, S. M. (2005) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1634 · Cited by 3,398 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Raber, G., & Spokas, M. (2024) · doi:10.4135/9781071886229.n145 · Cited by 2,806 · see citing works
Sustained excitability elevations induced by transcranial DC motor cortex stimulation in humans
Nitsche, M. A., & Paulus, W. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.10.1899 · Cited by 2,617 · see citing works
Physiological basis of transcranial direct current stimulation
Stagg, C. J., & Nitsche, M. A. (2011) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858410386614 · Cited by 1,719 · see citing works
Liebetanz, D. (2002) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awf238 · Cited by 1,383 · see citing works
Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of prefrontal cortex enhances working memory
Fregni, F., Boggio, P. S., Nitsche, M., Bermpohl, F., Antal, A., Feredoes, E., Marcolin, M. A., Rigonatti, S. P., Silva, M. T. A., Paulus, W., et al. (2005) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-005-2334-6 · Cited by 1,159 · see citing works
Safety aspects of transcranial direct current stimulation concerning healthy subjects and patients
Poreisz, C., Boros, K., Antal, A., & Paulus, W. (2007) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2007.01.004 · Cited by 1,097 · see citing works
Batsikadze, G., Moliadze, V., Paulus, W., Kuo, M. ‐., & Nitsche, M. A. (2013) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2012.249730 · Cited by 1,017 · see citing works
What has fMRI told us about the Development of Cognitive Control through Adolescence?
Luna, B., Padmanabhan, A., & O’Hearn, K. (2010) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2009.08.005 · Cited by 892 · see citing works
Barry, R. J., Clarke, A. R., & Johnstone, S. J. (2003) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(02)00362-0 · Cited by 819 · see citing works
The American Psychiatric Association at Washington
(1930) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/bf01579058 · Cited by 771 · see citing works
Lang, N., Siebner, H. R., Ward, N., Lee, L., Nitsche, M. A., Paulus, W., Rothwell, J. C., Lemon, R., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (2005) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04233.x · Cited by 767 · see citing works
Evans, S. W., Owens, J. S., & Bunford, N. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2013.850700 · Cited by 728 · see citing works
Siebner, H., Lang, N., Rizzo, V., Nitsche, M., Paulus, W., Lemon, R., & Rothwell, J. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5316-03.2004 · Cited by 722 · see citing works
Determinants of the electric field during transcranial direct current stimulation
Opitz, A., Paulus, W., Will, S., Antunes, A., & Thielscher, A. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.01.033 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
Brunoni, A. R., & Vanderhasselt, M.-A. (2014) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2014.01.008 · Cited by 669 · see citing works
Functional connectivity density mapping
Tomasi, D. G., & Volkow, N. D. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1001414107 · Cited by 646 · see citing works
Boggio, P. S., Ferrucci, R., Rigonatti, S. P., Covre, P., Nitsche, M. A., Pascual‐Leone, Á., & Fregni, F. (2006) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2006.05.062 · Cited by 642 · see citing works
Keeser, D., Meindl, T., Bor, J., Palm, U., Pogarell, O. M., Mulert, C., Brunelin, J., Möller, H., Reiser, M. F., & Padberg, F. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0542-11.2011 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Meyer-Lindenberg, A. S., Olsen, R. K., Kohn, P. D., Brown, T., Egan, M. F., Weinberger, D. R., & Berman, K. F. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.4.379 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
Varieties of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-Related Intra-Individual Variability
Castellanos, F. X., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Scheres, A., Di Martino, A., Hyde, C., & Walters, J. R. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.12.005 · Cited by 540 · see citing works
Rubia, K. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.09.023 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Hill, A. T., Fitzgerald, P. B., & Hoy, K. E. (2015) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2015.10.006 · Cited by 425 · see citing works
Kuo, M.-F., Paulus, W., & Nitsche, M. A. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.117 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Horvath, J. C., Carter, O. L., & Forte, J. D. (2014) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00002 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Intra-Subject Variability in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Klein, C., Wendling, K., Huettner, P., Ruder, H., & Peper, M. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.04.003 · Cited by 410 · see citing works
Effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on human regional cerebral blood flow
Zheng, X., Alsop, D. C., & Schlaug, G. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.06.018 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
Hampson, M., Driesen, N. R., Roth, J. K., Gore, J. C., & Constable, R. T. (2010) · Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.mri.2010.03.021 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Development of a superior frontal–intraparietal network for visuo-spatial working memory
Klingberg, T. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.11.019 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
Speech Facilitation by Left Inferior Frontal Cortex Stimulation
Holland, R., Leff, A. P., Josephs, O., Galea, J. M., Desikan, M., Price, C. J., Rothwell, J. C., & Crinion, J. (2011) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.07.021 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
tDCS selectively improves working memory in older adults with more education
Berryhill, M. E., & Jones, K. T. (2012) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2012.05.074 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Safety of noninvasive brain stimulation in children and adolescents
Krishnan, C., Santos, L., Peterson, M. D., & Ehinger, M. (2015) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2014.10.012 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Meinzer, M., Antonenko, D., Lindenberg, R., Hetzer, S., Ulm, L., Avirame, K., Flaisch, T., & Flöel, A. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4812-11.2012 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Stagg, C. J., Lin, R. L., Mezue, M., Segerdahl, A., Kong, Y., Xie, J., & Tracey, I. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3887-12.2013 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Keeser, D., Padberg, F., Reisinger, E., Pogarell, O. M., Kirsch, V., Palm, U., Karch, S., Möller, H. ‐., Nitsche, M. A., & Mulert, C. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.004 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Prestimulus alpha and mu activity predicts failure to inhibit motor responses
Mazaheri, A., Nieuwenhuis, I. L. C., van Dijk, H., & Jensen, O. B. (2009) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20763 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Polanía, R. H., Paulus, W., Antal, A., & Nitsche, M. A. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.09.085 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Martin, D. M., Liu, R., Alonzo, A., Green, M. J., & Loo, C. K. A. (2014) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-014-4022-x · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Transcranial direct current stimulation over the primary motor cortex during fMRI
Antal, A., Polanía, R. H., Schmidt‐Samoa, C., Dechent, P., & Paulus, W. (2011) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.11.085 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Apparent diffusion tensor measurements in myelin-deficient rat spinal cords
Gulani, V., WEBB, A. G., Duncan, I. D., & Lauterbur, P. C. (2001) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/1522-2594(200102)45:2 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Attention Deficit–Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents
Feldman, H. M., & Reiff, M. I. (2014) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcp1307215 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Enhancing the Working Memory of Stroke Patients Using tDCS
Jo, J. M., Kim, Y., Ko, M.-H., Ohn, S. H., Joen, B., & Lee, K. H. (2009) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/phm.0b013e3181a0e4cb · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Mulquiney, P. G., Hoy, K., Daskalakis, Z., & Fitzgerald, P. (2011) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2011.05.009 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Darki, F., & Klingberg, T. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bht352 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Sikirica, V., Lü, M., Greven, P., Zhong, Y., Qin, P., Xie, J., & Gajria, K. (2014) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s65721 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Teo, F., Hoy, K., Daskalakis, Z., & Fitzgerald, P. (2011) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00045 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Ten years on: A follow-up review of ERP research in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Johnstone, S. J., Barry, R. J., & Clarke, A. R. (2012) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2012.09.006 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Weber, M. J., Messing, S. B., Rao, H., Detre, J. A., & Thompson‐Schill, S. L. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22429 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Chamberlain, S. R., Robbins, T. W., Winder-Rhodes, S., Müller, U., Sahakian, B. J., Blackwell, A. D., & Barnett, J. H. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.019 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Uebel, H., Albrecht, B., Asherson, P., Börger, N. A., Butler, L., Chen, W., Christiansen, H., Heise, A., Kuntsi, J., Schäfer, U., et al. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2009.02139.x · Cited by 161 · see citing works
McCarthy, H., Skokauskas, N., & Frodl, T. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713001037 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Primary motor cortex activation by transcranial direct current stimulation in the human brain
Kwon, Y. H., Ko, M.-H., Ahn, S. H., Kim, Y., Song, J. C., Lee, C.-H., Chang, M. C., & Jang, S. H. (2008) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2008.02.012 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Imaging the ADHD brain: disorder-specificity, medication effects and clinical translation
Rubia, K., Alegria, A., & Brinson, H. (2014) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.2014.907526 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
fMRI of Intrasubject Variability in ADHD: Anomalous Premotor Activity With Prefrontal Compensation
Suskauer, S. J., Simmonds, D. J., Caffo, B. S., Denckla, M. B., Pekar, J. J., & Mostofsky, S. H. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181825b1f · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Oliveira, J. F., Zanão, T. A., Valiengo, L., Lotufo, P. A., Benseñor, I. M., Fregni, F., & Brunoni, A. R. (2013) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2013.01.023 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Sex differences in the functional neuroanatomy of working memory in adults with ADHD
Valera, E. M., Brown, A., Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Makris, N., Monuteaux, M. C., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Vitulano, M., Schiller, M., & Seidman, L. J. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09020249 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Imaging artifacts induced by electrical stimulation during conventional fMRI of the brain
Antal, A., Bikson, M., Datta, A., Lafon, B., Dechent, P., Parra, L. C., & Paulus, W. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.026 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Development of Working Memory Maintenance
Geier, C. F., Garver, K., Terwilliger, R., & Luna, B. (2009) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.90562.2008 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Soltaninejad, Z., Nejati, V., & Ekhtiari, H. (2019) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054715618792 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Tolerability of transcranial direct current stimulation in childhood-onset schizophrenia
Mattai, A. A., Miller, R., Weisinger, B., GREENSTEIN, D. K., Bakalar, J. L., Tossell, J. W., David, C. N., Wassermann, E. M., Rapoport, J. L., & Gogtay, N. (2011) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2011.01.001 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Schneider, H. D., & Hopp, J. P. (2011) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.3109/02699206.2011.570852 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Moliadze, V., Schmanke, T., Andreas, S., Lyzhko, E., Freitag, C. M., & Siniatchkin, M. (2014) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2014.10.142 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationAbnormal Changes of Synaptic Excitability in Migraine with Aura
Siniatchkin, M., Sendacki, M., Moeller, F., Wolff, S., Jansen, O., Siebner, H. R., & Stephani, U. (2011) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhr248 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Self-citationEffects of transcranial direct current stimulation on pain perception and working memory
Mylius, V., Jung, M., Menzler, K., Haag, A., Khader, P. H., Oertel, W. H., Rosenow, F., & Lefaucheur, J. ‐. (2012) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/j.1532-2149.2011.00105.x · Cited by 103 · see citing works
A systematic review of transcranial electrical stimulation combined with cognitive training
Elmasry, J., Loo, C., & Martin, D. (2015) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-140473 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Bandeira, I. D., Guimarães, R. S. Q., Jagersbacher, J. G., Barretto, T. L., de Jesus-Silva, J. R., Santos, S. N., Argollo, N., & Lucena, R. (2016) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073816630083 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
D�pfner, M., Breuer, D., Sch�rmann, S., Metternich, T. W., Rademacher, C., & Lehmkuhl, G. (2004) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-004-1011-9 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Cubillo, A., Smith, A. B., Barrett, N., Giampietro, V., Brammer, M., Simmons, A., & Rubia, K. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713000676 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Clinical utility of the N-back task in functional neuroimaging studies of working memory
Jacola, L. M., Willard, V. W., Ashford, J. M., Ogg, R. J., Scoggins, M., Jones, M. M., Wu, S., & Conklin, H. M. (2014) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2014.953039 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Exploring prefrontal cortex functions in healthy humans by transcranial electrical stimulation
Kuo, M., & Nitsche, M. A. (2015) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-014-1501-9 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Safety of medicines used for ADHD in children: a review of published prospective clinical trials
Clavenna, A., & Bonati, M. R. (2014) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2013-304170 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Brocki, K. C., Tillman, C. M., & Bohlin, G. (2010) · European Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1080/17405620801937764 · Cited by 53 · cited 3× · see citing works
“, Stockholm, Sweden) and has been evaluated repeatedly in several ADHD studies, showing robust discrimination between patients and age-matched healthy subjects on the individual level (Brocki et al. 2010; Reh et al. 2015).”
BackgroundMethodResultWörsching, J., Padberg, F., Ertl-Wagner, B. B., Kumpf, U., Kirsch, B., & Keeser, D. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.001 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Behavioral Assessment of Core ADHD Symptoms Using the QbTest
Reh, V., Schmidt, M., Lam, L., Schimmelmann, B. G., Hebebrand, J., Rief, W., & Christiansen, H. (2015) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712472981 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Bedard, A., Newcorn, J. H., Clerkin, S. M., Krone, B., Fan, J., Halperin, J. M., & Schulz, K. P. (2014) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2014.05.011 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Leffa, D. T., de Souza, A., Scarabelot, V. L., Medeiros, L. F., de Oliveira, C., Grevet, E. H., Caumo, W., de Souza, D. O., Rohde, L. A. P., & Torres, I. L. S. (2016) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2015.11.012 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Modulation of frontal effective connectivity during speech
Holland, R., Leff, A. P., Penny, W. D., Rothwell, J. C., & Crinion, J. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.01.037 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Moliadze, V., Andreas, S., Lyzhko, E., Schmanke, T., Gurashvili, T., Freitag, C. M., & Siniatchkin, M. (2015) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.09.011 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationFeige, B., Biscaldi, M., Saville, C. W. N., Kluckert, C., Bender, S., Ebner-Priemer, U., Hennighausen, K., Rauh, R., Fleischhaker, C., & Klein, C. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069674 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Siniatchkin, M., Glatthaar, N., Müller, G. G.-V., Prehn‐Kristensen, A., Wolff, S., Knöchel, S., Steinmann, E., Sotnikova, A., Stephani, U., Petermann, F., et al. (2012) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-012-0221-6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationHauser, T. U., Rütsche, B., Wurmitzer, K., Brem, S., Ruff, C. C., & Grabner, R. H. (2016) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2016.07.007 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Developmental Aspects of Working and Associative Memory
Thaler, N. S., Goldstein, G., Pettegrew, J. W., Luther, J. F., Reynolds, C. R., & Allen, D. N. (2013) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acs114 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
How electrode montage affects transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex
Salvador, R., Wenger, C., Nitsche, M. A., & Miranda, P. C. (2015) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2015.7319985 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Long-term Effects of a Multimodal Behavioural ADHD Training: a fMRI Study
Sotnikova, A., Steinmann, E., Wendisch, V., Müller, G. G.-V., Stephani, U., Petermann, F., Gerber, W., & Siniatchkin, M. (2012) · Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie · doi:10.1024/1016-264x/a000075 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rubia, K. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00100 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
“, 2017) or additional cognitive functions (Sotnikova et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluentialZhao, H., Qiao, L., Fan, D., Zhang, S., Turel, O., Li, Y., Li, J., Xue, G., Chen, A., & He, Q. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00685 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Transcranial direct current brain stimulation decreases impulsivity in ADHD
Allenby, C. E., Falcone, M., Bernardo, L., Wileyto, E. P., Rostain, A. L., Ramsay, J. R., Lerman, C. E., & Loughead, J. (2018) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2018.04.016 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Salehinejad, M. A., Wischnewski, M., Nejati, V., Vicario, C. M., & Nitsche, M. A. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215095 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Salehinejad, M. A., Nejati, V., Mosayebi-Samani, M., Mohammadi, A., Wischnewski, M., Kuo, M.-F., Avenanti, A., Vicario, C. M., & Nitsche, M. A. (2020) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-020-00501-x · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Soff, C., Sotnikova, A., Christiansen, H., Becker, K., & Siniatchkin, M. (2017) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-016-1646-y · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationWestwood, S. J., Raduà, J., & Rubia, K. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.190179 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Chan, M. M. Y., Yau, S. S. Y., & Han, Y. M. Y. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.035 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Finisguerra, A., Borgatti, R., & Urgesi, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00135 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Neurotherapeutics for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Review
Rubia, K., Westwood, S. J., Aggensteiner, P.-M., & Brandeis, D. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10082156 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Salehinejad, M. A., Ghanavati, E., Glinski, B., Hallajian, A., & Azarkolah, A. (2022) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2724 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Breitling, C., Zaehle, T., Dannhauer, M., Tegelbeckers, J., Flechtner, H., & Krauel, K. (2020) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2019.12.412 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Alyagon, U., Shahar, H., Hadar, A. A., Barnea‐Ygael, N., Lazarovits, A., Shalev, H., & Zangen, A. (2020) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102206 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Berger, I., Dakwar-Kawar, O., Grossman, E. S., Nahum, M., & Kadosh, R. C. (2021) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2021.01.005 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Null tDCS Effects in a Sustained Attention Task: The Modulating Role of Learning
Jacoby, N., & Michal Lavidor, B. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00476 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Ekhtiari, H., Ghobadi‐Azbari, P., Thielscher, A., Antal, A., Li, L. M., Shereen, A. D., Cabral‐Calderín, Y., Keeser, D., Bergmann, T. O., Jamil, A., et al. (2022) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/s41596-021-00664-5 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Improves Reward Processing in Children With ADHD
Nejati, V., Khorrami, A. S., & Nitsche, M. A. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054720923094 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Neuroplasticity and non-invasive brain stimulation in the developing brain
Bandeira, I. D., Lins-Silva, D. H., Barouh, J. L., Faria-Guimarães, D., Dorea-Bandeira, I., Souza, L. S., Alves, G. S., Brunoni, A. R., Nitsche, M. A., Fregni, F., et al. (2021) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.04.003 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Nejati, V., Rasanan, A. H. H., Rad, J. A., Alavi, M. M., Haghi, S., & Nitsche, M. A. (2021) · Neurophysiologie Clinique · doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2021.11.005 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Leffa, D. T., Bellaver, B., Salvi, A. A., de Oliveira, C., Caumo, W., Grevet, E. H., Fregni, F., Quincozes‐Santos, A., Rohde, L. A., & Torres, I. L. D. S. (2018) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2018.04.001 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Nejati, V., Alavi, M. M., & Nitsche, M. A. (2021) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.05.008 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Breitling-Ziegler, C., Zaehle, T., Wellnhofer, C., Dannhauer, M., Tegelbeckers, J., Baumann, V., Flechtner, H., & Krauel, K. (2021) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.014 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Chan, M. M. Y., Choi, C. X. T., Tsoi, T. C. W., Shea, C. K., Yiu, K. W. K., & Han, Y. M. Y. (2023) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2023.10.012 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Salehinejad, M. A., Vosough, Y., & Nejati, V. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12081098 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Sousa, B., Martins, J., Castelo-Branco, M. S., & Gonçalves, J. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11102839 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Aderinto, N., Olatunji, G. D., Muili, A. O., Kokori, E., Edun, M. T., Akinmoju, O. D., Yusuf, I. A., & Ojo, D. (2024) · The Egyptian Journal of Neurology Psychiatry and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1186/s41983-024-00824-w · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Dakwar-Kawar, O., Berger, I., Barzilay, S., Grossman, E. S., Kadosh, R. C., & Nahum, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.791478 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders
Lee, J. C., Kenney‐Jung, D. L., Blacker, C. J., Camsari, D. D., & Lewis, C. P. (2018) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2018.07.009 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Cosmo, C. S. A., DiBiasi, M., Lima, V. L. C. C., Grecco, L. A. C., Muszkat, M., Philip, N. S., & de Sena, E. P. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.054 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Brauer, H., Breitling-Ziegler, C., Moliadze, V., Galling, B., & Prehn‐Kristensen, A. (2021) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.013 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Sierawska, A., Prehn-Kristensen, A., Moliadze, V., Krauel, K., Nowak, R., Freitag, C., Siniatchkin, M., & Buyx, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00334 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationQuinn, D. K., Story-Remer, J., Brandt, E., Fratzke, V., Rieger, R. E., Wilson, J. K., Gill, D., Mertens, N., Hunter, M., Upston, J., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.1026639 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Chan, M. M. Y., & Han, Y. M. Y. (2020) · Journal of Central Nervous System Disease · doi:10.1177/1179573520976832 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Kannen, K., Aslan, B., Boetzel, C., Herrmann, C. S., Lux, S., Rosén, H., Selaskowski, B., Wiebe, A., Philipsen, A., & Braun, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.928145 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Cheung, T. C. C., Yee, B. K., Chau, B. K. H., Lam, J. Y. T., Fong, T. K. H., Lo, H. H. M., Li, T. M. H., Li, A. M., Sun, L., Beisteiner, R., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2024.1364270 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Lee, H., Choi, B. J., & Kang, N. (2024) · Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s12984-024-01505-8 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Lipka, R., Ahlers, E., Reed, T. L., Karstens, M. I., Nguyen, V., Bajbouj, M., & Kadosh, R. C. (2020) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113586 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Neurotherapeutics for ADHD : Do they work?
Rubia, K. (2022) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.544 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Multichannel anodal tDCS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in a paediatric population
Splittgerber, M., Borzikowsky, C., Salvador, R., Puonti, O., Papadimitriou, K., Merschformann, C., Biagi, M. C., Stenner, T., Brauer, H., Breitling-Ziegler, C., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-00933-z · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationNejati, V., Khoshroo, S., & Mirikaram, F. (2023) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045231176707 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Nejati, V., Mirikaram, F., & Rad, J. A. (2023) · Neurophysiologie Clinique · doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2023.102884 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Krauel, K., Brauer, H., Breitling-Ziegler, C., Freitag, C. M., Luckhardt, C., Mühlherr, A. M., Schütz, M., Boxhoorn, S., Ecker, C., Castelo-Branco, M. S., et al. (2025) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.60477 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationMuccio, M., Masters, L. W., Pilloni, G., He, P., Krupp, L., Datta, A., Bikson, M., Charvet, L. E., & Ge, Y. (2022) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148097 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Liu, J., Wu, Y., Wei, Y., Xie, H.-J., Zhang, T., & Zhang, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.987093 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Guimarães, R. S. Q., Bandeira, I. D., Barretto, B. L., Wanke, T., Alves, C. O. C., Barretto, T. L., de Carvalho, C. F., Dorea-Bandeira, I., Tolentino, A. C., Lins-Silva, D. H., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1217407 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Guimarães, R. S. Q., Bandeira, I. D., Barretto, B. L., Barretto, T. L., Wanke, T., Alves, C. O. C., de Carvalho, C. F., de Lucena, P. H. M., Rodrigues-Silva, L., & Lucena, R. (2021) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000024283 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Effects of transcranial stimulation in developmental neurocognitive disorders: A critical appraisal
Santos, F. H., Mosbacher, J. A., Menghini, D., Rubia, K., Grabner, R. H., & Kadosh, R. C. (2021) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2021.01.012 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Nejati, V., & Estaji, R. (2024) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-024-02775-1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Chan, M. M. Y., & Han, Y. M. Y. (2020) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2020/8854412 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Chen, H., Yang, C., Hsieh, T.-H., Peng, C., Chuang, L.-L., Chang, Y., Chi, H.-J., Lee, H.-M., & Liang, S. H. (2022) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114145 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Chen, Q., Pan, N., Long, Y., Qin, K., Sangchooli, A., Cao, Y., Singh, M. K., Chen, Y., & Gong, Q. (2025) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2025.07.009 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Moezzi, S., Ghoshuni, M., & Amiri, M. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02190-9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Research progress of tDCS in the treatment of ADHD
Huang, R., & Liu, Y. (2024) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-024-02853-4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zhang, M., Ma, C., Liu, Y., Ma, X., Liu, T., Jia, F., & Du, L. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.250032 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Adverse event monitoring and reporting in pediatric neuromodulatory studies: A systematic review
Lodewyk, K., Bagnell, A. L., MacMaster, F. P., & Newton, A. S. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.05.035 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hüpen, P., Kumar, H., Müller, D., Swaminathan, R., Habel, U., & Weidler, C. (2024) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.70059 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
tDCS in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Salehinejad, M. A., Vicario, C. M., Vila‐Rodriguez, F., Kadosh, R. C., & Nitsche, M. A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76136-3_15 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Bonfiglio, N. S., Renati, R., Patrone, L., Rollo, D., & Penna, M. P. (2021) · IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA) · doi:10.1109/memea52024.2021.9478704 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
A review of transcranial pulse stimulation: innovations in neuromodulation
Ngan, S. T. J., & Cheng, C. P.-W. (2025) · Expert Review of Medical Devices · doi:10.1080/17434440.2025.2530119 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Neurodevelopmental Disorders
D’Urso, G., Toscano, E., Gallo, G., & de Bartolomeis, A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43356-7_20 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Leffa, D. T., & Rohde, L. A. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76136-3_28 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Esmaeil-Zadeh, M., Hamid Soltanian-zadeh, A., & Tabrizi, Y. M. (2021) · National and International Iranian Conference on Biomedical Engineering (ICBME) · doi:10.1109/icbme54433.2021.9750384 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Moezzi, S., Ghoshuni, M., & Amiri, M. (2020) · The Neuroscience Journal of Shefaye Khatam · doi:10.52547/shefa.9.1.25 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
de Oliveira, P. V., de Castro, M. L., Grecco, L. A. C., Rizzutti, S., & Muszkat, M. (2023) · Brain Imaging and Stimulation · doi:10.17267/2965-3738bis.2023.e4954 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Transcranial direct current stimulation improves time perception in children with ADHD
Nejati, V., Mirikaram, F., & Nitsche, M. A. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-82974-8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Yuan, S., Lin, H., Han, Y., Zhang, B., & Yu, J. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03303-9 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
fMRI-Based Neurotherapies for ADHD
Rubia, K. (2018) · The ADHD Report · doi:10.1521/adhd.2018.26.6.1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Adult ADHD: Future Directions for Practice and Research
Pallanti, S., & Salerno, L. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39051-8_20 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Stein, A., Caulfield, K. A., Singh, M., Riddle, J., Friehs, M. A., Craven, M. P., Groom, M. J., Iyer, K. K., & Barlow, K. M. (2025) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2025.06.005 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Olmedo-Córdoba, M., Prados-Pardo, Á., Martín-González, E., & Moreno, M. (2025) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-025-05218-4 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
tDCS and neurofeedback in ADHD treatment
Bernadotte, A., & Zinchenko, O. O. (2025) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2025.1444283 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Yang, Z., Li, N., Tan, H. L. E., Tong, C., Wang, Y., Wei, K., Lin, Y., Gao, L., Sheng, H., Yang, X., et al. (2025) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/cm9.0000000000003882 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Li, J., Hou, X., Fan, Q., & Chen, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1747588 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Xue, Q. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-4538-2_16 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Stein, A., Caulfield, K. A., Singh, M., Riddle, J., Friehs, M. A., Craven, M. P., Groom, M. J., Iyer, K. K., & Barlow, K. M. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.02.27.25323049 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Neuromodulation in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Toward a Precision Psychiatry Approach
Salerno, L., Gaur, S., Grassi, G., & Pallanti, S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-43356-7_9
Neuroimaging and neurotherapeutics for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Rubia, K. (2021) · ANALES RANM · doi:10.32440/ar.2021.138.02.rev02
(2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-18750-6.00028-6
Stimulationsverfahren in der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie
Grözinger, M., Conca, A., Pauli, J. D., & Nickl‐Jockschat, T. (2020) · Springer Reference Medizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-49289-5_79-1
Multielectrode Network Stimulation (ME-NETS) demonstrated by concurrent tDCS and fMRIPreprint
Ross, D. A., Shinde, A., Lerud, K. D., & Gottfried Schlaug, A. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.06.13.544867
Silva, J. B. S., Franceschi, G. L. A., & de Carvalho, C. F. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-56980-7_14
Stimulationsverfahren in der Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie
Grözinger, M., Conca, A., Pauli, J. D., & Nickl‐Jockschat, T. (2024) · Springer Reference Medizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-66744-6_79
Grandjean, A. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/09142f43z5b6fz462bz83c7za94811509c36
Giovenzana, M., Nicosia, N., Spinosa, S., Musazzi, L., & Mingardi, J. (2026) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2026.108366
Principle and Clinical Progress of tDCS in the Treatment of ADHD
黄, 雪. (2026) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2026.1683005
- Authors
- Sotnikova, A., Soff, C., Tagliazucchi, E., Becker, K., & Siniatchkin, M.
- Affiliations
- Philipps University of Marburg (DE)
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Siniatchkin, Michael
- Venue
- Brain Topography
- Published
- 2017-02-17
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 656-672
- ISSN
- 0896-0267 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-6792
- OpenAlex
- W2588471851
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 3.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- www.springer.com/tdm (unspecified)
- Locations
- Brain Topography (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CONICET Digital (CONICET) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- transcranial direct current stimulation, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, working memory, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, resting-state functional connectivity, n-back task, adolescents, non-invasive brain stimulation, premotor cortex, supplementary motor area, precuneus
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Nerve Net, Prefrontal Cortex, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
