Association Between ADHD and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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OBJECTIVE: Impulsivity and inattention related to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may increase food intake and, consequently, weight gain. However, findings on the association between obesity/overweight and ADHD are mixed. The authors conducted a meta-analysis to estimate this association. METHOD: A broad range of databases was searched through Aug. 31, 2014. Unpublished studies were also obtained. Study quality was rated with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Random-effects models were used. RESULTS: Forty-two studies that included a total of 728,136 individuals (48,161 ADHD subjects; 679,975 comparison subjects) were retained. A significant association between obesity and ADHD was found for both children (odds ratio=1.20, 95% CI=1.05-1.37) and adults (odds ratio=1.55, 95% CI=1.32-1.81). The pooled prevalence of obesity was increased by about 70% in adults with ADHD (28.2%, 95% CI=22.8-34.4) compared with those without ADHD (16.4%, 95% CI=13.4-19.9), and by about 40% in children with ADHD (10.3%, 95% CI=7.9-13.3) compared with those without ADHD (7.4%, 95% CI=5.4-10.1). The significant association between ADHD and obesity remained when limited to studies 1) reporting odds ratios adjusted for possible confounding factors; 2) diagnosing ADHD by direct interview; and 3) using directly measured height and weight. Gender, study setting, study country, and study quality did not moderate the association between obesity and ADHD. ADHD was also significantly associated with overweight. Individuals medicated for ADHD were not at higher risk of obesity. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides meta-analytic evidence for a significant association between ADHD and obesity/overweight. Further research should address possible underlying mechanisms and the long-term effects of ADHD treatments on weight in individuals with both ADHD and obesity.
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ADHD has high comorbidity.
“ADHD has high comorbidity [44,45].”
From A Female-Specific Treatment Group for ADHD—Description of the Programme and Qualitative Analysis of First Experiences (2024) · cites this paper as [44]
The Results report that obesity is more prevalent in people with ADHD than in those without it, and the Discussion calls depression a common ADHD comorbid condition. The paper supports these specific examples, but does not establish the broader claim that ADHD has high comorbidity overall. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere is an association between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and obesity.
“Neuropsychological testing may also be indicated if a diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is suspected, as there is an association between ADHD and obesity (73).”
From Behavioral Interventions to Attenuate Driven Overeating and Weight Regain After Bariatric Surgery (2022) · cites this paper as [73]
Clinical guidelines increasingly recommend that assessments of diet, physical activity, and health risk behaviours be used alongside anthropomorphic/blood markers of metabolic status.
“This concept is now reflected in clinical guidelines, which are increasingly recommending that assessments of diet, physical activity and health risk behaviours are be used alongside the anthropomorphic/blood markers of metabolic status, 101 to more fully capture current physical health and future risk.”
From The Lancet Psychiatry Commission: a blueprint for protecting physical health in people with mental illness (2019) · cites this paper as [101]
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- Authors
- Cortese, S., Moreira-Maia, C. R., St. Fleur, D., Morcillo-Peñalver, C., Rohde, L. A., & Faraone, S. V.
- Affiliations
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (BR)
- From the Department of Psychology, Developmental Brain-Behavior Laboratory, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; IRCCS Stella Maris, Scientific Institute of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, Calambrone, Pisa, Italy; the Child Study Center, New York University, New York; the Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; the Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences and of Neuroscience and Physiology, College of...
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2016-01-01
- Volume
- 173
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 34-43
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- OpenAlex
- W1888633954
- Cited by
- 606
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 69 · 2024: 58 · 2023: 86 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 67 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 5.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- University of Oxford
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre
- National Institutes of Health
- Cilag
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, obesity, overweight, children, adults, impulsivity, inattention, dietary intake, weight gain, ADHD medication, obesity prevalence
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Obesity, Risk Factors, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic
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