Testing Causality in the Association Between Regular Exercise and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression
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CONTEXT: In the population at large, regular exercise is associated with reduced anxious and depressive symptoms. Results of experimental studies in clinical populations suggest a causal effect of exercise on anxiety and depression, but it is unclear whether such a causal effect also drives the population association. We cannot exclude the major contribution of a third underlying factor influencing exercise behavior and symptoms of anxiety and depression. OBJECTIVE: To test causal effects of exercise on anxious and depressive symptoms in a population-based sample. DESIGN: Population-based longitudinal study (1991-2002) in a genetically informative sample of twin families. SETTING: Causal effects of exercise were tested by bivariate genetic modeling of the association between exercise and symptoms of anxiety and depression, correlation of intrapair differences in these traits among genetically identical twins, and longitudinal modeling of changes in exercise behavior and anxious and depressive symptoms. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 5952 twins from the Netherlands Twin Register, 1357 additional siblings, and 1249 parents. All participants were aged 18 to 50 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Survey data about leisure-time exercise (metabolic equivalent task hours per week based on type, frequency, and duration of exercise) and 4 scales of anxious and depressive symptoms (depression, anxiety, somatic anxiety, and neuroticism, plus a composite score). RESULTS: Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations were small and were best explained by common genetic factors with opposite effects on exercise behavior and symptoms of anxiety and depression. In genetically identical twin pairs, the twin who exercised more did not display fewer anxious and depressive symptoms than the co-twin who exercised less. Longitudinal analyses showed that increases in exercise participation did not predict decreases in anxious and depressive symptoms. CONCLUSION: Regular exercise is associated with reduced anxious and depressive symptoms in the population at large, but the association is not because of causal effects of exercise.
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In a large Dutch twin-population, in genetically identical twin-pairs, lack of leisure-time exercise did not increase anxiety or depression symptoms.
“In a large twin-population based in the Netherlands, data about leisure-time exercise and anxiety and depression symptoms were measured. Interestingly, in genetically identical twin-pairs, the lack of leisure-time exercise did not increase anxiety or depression symptoms (126).”
From Lack of Exercise Is a Major Cause of Chronic Diseases (2012) · cites this paper as [126]
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Optical coherence tomography angiography in preclinical Alzheimer’s disease
van de Kreeke, J. A., Nguyen, H., Konijnenberg, E., Tomassen, J., den Braber, A., ten Kate, M., Yaqub, M. M., van Berckel, B. N. M., Lammertsma, A. A., Boomsma, D. I., et al. (2019) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2019-314127 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychosocial Stress and Cardiovascular Disease Risk
Hamer, M. (2012) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0b013e31827457f4 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“The last 50 years of epidemiological research in physical activity has provided strong evidence for the beneficial effects of physical activity on both cardiovascular (8,9) and mental health outcomes (10,11), although the causality of the former cardiovascular effects is much better established than that on mental hea…”
BackgroundMeasuring the impact of exercise on cognitive aging: methodological issues
Miller, D. I., Taler, V., Davidson, P. S. R., & Messier, C. (2011) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.02.020 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
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“Moreover, although confounding by genetic factors that influence both physical activity and the common mental disorders is possible (de Moor et al., 2008), this was not addressed, as it was outside the scope of this study.”
BackgroundChildhood and Adolescent Anxiety and Depression: Beyond Heritability
Franić, S., Middeldorp, C. M., Dolan, C. V., Ligthart, L., & Boomsma, D. I. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2010.05.013 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Self-citationPhysical Activity in Daily Life of Patients With Fibrotic Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia
Wallaert, B., Monge, E., Rouzic, O. L., Wémeau-Stervinou, L., Salleron, J., & Grosbois, J. (2013) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1378/chest.13-0806 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Åberg, M., Wærn, M., Nyberg, J., Pedersen, N. L., Bergh, Y., Åberg, N. D., Nilsson, M., Kuhn, H. G., & Torén, K. (2012) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.103416 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
A cohort study of leisure time physical activity and depression
Mikkelsen, S. S., Tolstrup, J. S., Flachs, E. M., Mortensen, E. L., Schnohr, P., & Flensborg‐Madsen, T. (2010) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.09.008 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Abdellaoui, A., Chen, H., Willemsen, G. A. H. M., Ehli, E. A., Davies, G. E., Verweij, K. J. H., Nivard, M. G., de Geus, E. J. C., Boomsma, D. I., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2018) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12397 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“…of a causal relationship is also in line with(a) a significant correlation between loneliness and Neuroticism differences within genetically identical twin pairs, and (b) significant correlations between longitudinal within‐subject differences in loneliness and Neuroticism (De Moor et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationPhysical exercise in adults and mental health status
ten Have, M., de Graaf, R., & Monshouwer, K. (2011) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2011.04.001 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Despite the fact that physical exercise was measured at an earlier time point than the onset of mental disorders, non-measured variables could have influenced both exercise levels and the development of mental disorders, such as genetic vulnerability [24].”
BackgroundIntimate Relationships and Depression: Searching for Causation in the Sea of Association
Whisman, M. A., Sbarra, D. A., & Beach, S. R. H. (2021) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081219-103323 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Mosing, M. A., Madison, G., Pedersen, N. L., & Ullén, F. (2016) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12306 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“…Posthuma, Beem, de Geus, van Baal, von Hjelmborg et al. (2003) and for examples of utilizing the combined method of co-twin control and classical twin modelling to address © 2015 John Wiley & Sons Ltd causality see De Moor et al. (2008) or Bartels, de Moor, van der Aa, Boomsma and de Geus (2012).”
MethodBartels, M., Hendriks, A. M., Mauri, M., Krapohl, E. M. L., Whipp, A. M., Bolhuis, K., Colodro‐Conde, L., Luningham, J. M., Ip, H. F., Hagenbeek, F. A., et al. (2018) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-018-1169-1 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“The causal relation of environmental exposure and later outcome may be complex, but longitudinal twin data offer excellent opportunities to test models of causality versus other models of association between genes and environment [46, 47].”
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“The relationship between exercise and mental health has been widely studied, and an increase in physical activity is correlated with less anxiety and depression (De Moor et al. 2006, 2008).”
BackgroundA fuzzy cognitive map of the psychosocial determinants of obesity
Giabbanelli, P. J., Torsney-Weir, T., & Mago, V. (2012) · Applied Soft Computing · doi:10.1016/j.asoc.2012.02.006 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Personality, Metabolic Rate and Aerobic Capacity
Terracciano, A., Schrack, J. A., Sutin, A. R., Chan, W., Simonsick, E. M., & Ferrucci, L. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0054746 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“The association of neuroticism with aerobic capacity is consistent with evidence linking exercise with fewer anxiety and depressive symptoms, but the causal relation between depressive symptoms and physical activity remains unclear [21].”
BackgroundLigthart, L., & Boomsma, D. I. (2012) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/twin.15.2.158 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“The possibility of causality is further supported by the observation that both the genetic and the nonshared environmental factors influencing migraine and neuroticism were significantly correlated (see Figure 1), as expected under a causal model (De Moor et al., 2008).”
ResultSelf-citationIacono, W. G., Heath, A. C., Hewitt, J. K., Neale, M. C., Banich, M. T., Luciana, M. M., Madden, P. A., Barch, D. M., & Bjork, J. M. (2018) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2017.09.001 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“This distinction can be assessed through appropriate bivariate or multivariate genetic modeling of twin data (e.g., De Moor et al., 2008; Jackson et al., 2016; van Beek et al., 2014).”
Tasnim, R., Sujan, M. S. H., Islam, M. S., Ritu, A. H., Siddique, M. A. B., Toma, T. Y., Nowshin, R., Hasan, A. T. M. T., Hossain, S., Nahar, S., et al. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03243-w · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Lifestyle management of unipolar depression
Berk, M., Sarris, J., Coulson, C. E., & Jacka, F. N. (2013) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12124 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Minică, C. C., Dolan, C. V., Boomsma, D. I., de Geus, E., & Neale, M. C. (2018) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-018-9904-4 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
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Ligthart, L., Hottenga, J., Lewis, C. M., Farmer, A. E., Craig, I., Breen, G. D., Willemsen, G. A. H. M., Vink, J. M., Middeldorp, C. M., Byrne, E. M., et al. (2013) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-013-1370-8 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“This is based on the principle that if disease A causes disease B, the genes that affect disease A must indirectly also affect disease B, through the causal chain (De Moor et al. 2008; Ligthart and Boomsma 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationCabello, M., Miret, M., Caballero, F. F., Chatterji, S., Naidoo, N., Kowal, P. R., D’Este, C. A., & Ayuso‐Mateos, J. L. (2017) · Globalization and Health · doi:10.1186/s12992-017-0237-5 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“This could be explained by the existence of common vulnerable factors independently associated with depression and with unhealthy lifestyles [10, 11].”
BackgroundMcDowell, C. P., Dishman, R. K., Vancampfort, D., Hallgren, M., Stubbs, B., MacDonncha, C., & Herring, M. P. (2018) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyy141 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Physical activity, resilience, and depressive symptoms in adolescence
Moljord, I. E. O., Moksnes, U. K., Espnes, G. A., Hjemdal, O., & Eriksen, L. (2014) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2014.04.001 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The Impact of Mood and Anxiety Disorders on Incident Hypertension at One Year
Bacon, S., Campbell, T. S., Arsenault, A., & Lavoie, K. (2014) · International Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1155/2014/953094 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“The Impact of Mood and Anxiety Disorders on”
BackgroundGenetics of Regular Exercise and Sedentary Behaviors
de Geus, E. J. C., Bartels, M., Kaprio, J. A., Lightfoot, J. T., & Thomis, M. A. (2014) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2014.42 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“In contrast to total physical activity, measurement of regular voluntary exercise behavior can be reliably done by self-report in adolescents and adults (De Moor et al., 2008; Haase et al., 2004; Stubbe et al., 2006).”
InfluentialPersonality, physical activity, and symptoms of anxiety and depression: the HUNT study
Brunes, A., Augestad, L. B., & Gudmundsdottir, S. L. (2013) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-012-0594-6 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Only a few studies have investigated how personality traits relate to the association between PA and mental health problems in the general population [12, 14, 26].”
BackgroundMcKercher, C., Sanderson, K. A., Schmidt, M. D., Otáhal, P., Patton, G. C., Dwyer, T., & Venn, A. (2014) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0863-7 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Associations may also be explained by common genetic factors influencing both exercise behavior and depressive symptoms rather than a causal effect of exercise [54].”
BackgroundHeritability of the affective response to exercise and its correlation to exercise behavior
Schutte, N. M., Nederend, I., Hudziak, J. J., Bartels, M., & de Geus, E. J. C. (2016) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2016.12.001 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The Shared Genetics of Migraine and Anxious Depression
Ligthart, L., Nyholt, D. R., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Boomsma, D. I. (2010) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01705.x · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationSmoking During Adolescence as a Risk Factor for Attention Problems
Treur, J. L., Willemsen, G., Bartels, M., Geels, L. M., van Beek, J. H. D. A., Huppertz, C., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Boomsma, D. I., & Vink, J. M. (2015) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.06.019 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationXiao, T., Pan, M., Xiao, X., & Liu, Y. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-02237-z · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Decline in Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Odds of Incident Depression
Dishman, R. K., Sui, X., Church, T. S., Hand, G. A., Trivedi, M. H., & Blair, S. N. (2012) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2012.06.011 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The role of adolescent lifestyle habits in biological aging: A prospective twin study
Kankaanpää, A., Tolvanen, A. J., Heikkinen, A., Kaprio, J. A., Ollikainen, M., & Sillanpää, E. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.80729 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
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Structural Brain Connectivity as a Genetic Marker for Schizophrenia
Bohlken, M. M., Brouwer, R. M., Mandl, R. C. W., van den Heuvel, M. P., Hedman, A. M., Binder, M. D., Cahn, W., Kahn, R. S., & Pol, H. E. H. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2015.1925 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Major Depression and Coronary Flow Reserve Detected by Positron Emission Tomography
Vaccarino, V. (2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.330 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Tracking of voluntary exercise behaviour over the lifespan
van der Zee, M. D., van der Mee, D. J., Bartels, M., & de Geus, E. J. C. (2019) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-019-0779-4 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Overall physical activity has proven to be difficult to measure reliably through self-report [33], but the more salient regular exercise activities voluntarily done in leisure time are much more reliably recalled [34, 35].”
BackgroundThe Effects of Exercise Training on Anxiety
Herring, M. P., Lindheimer, J. B., & O’Connor, P. J. (2013) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827613508542 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“One prominent population-based study of mono- and di-zygotic twins concluded that the association between physical inactivity and greater anxiety symptoms was noncausal and the result of common genetic factors affecting both anxiety symptoms and physical activity.(56) A key limitation of this investigation is that it…”
BackgroundHuppertz, C., Bartels, M., de Zeeuw, E. L., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Hudziak, J. J., Willemsen, G. A. H. M., Boomsma, D. I., & de Geus, E. J. C. (2016) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-016-9799-x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“The correlations between mothers’ and fathers’ ratings of their children’s exercise behavior ranged between 0.74 and 0.89 in this study and the six-months test–retest reliability of this measure was found to be 0.91 (Stubbe et al. 2007) and 0.82 (de Moor et al. 2008) in our previous work.”
ResultInfluentialSelf-citationGasperi, M., Herbert, M. S., Schur, E. A., Buchwald, D., & Afari, N. (2017) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000456 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“To evaluate possible causal effects of depression, pain, and sleep quality, we assessed whether the genetic and environmental correlations were significantly different from zero as detailed by DeMoor and colleagues (27).”
Individualized Web-Based Exercise for the Treatment of Depression: Randomized Controlled Trial
Haller, N., Lorenz, S., Pfirrmann, D., Koch, C., Lieb, K., Dettweiler, U., Simon, P. D., & Jung, P. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/10698 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Retinal layer thickness in preclinical Alzheimer's disease
van de Kreeke, J. A., Nguyen, H., den Haan, J., Konijnenberg, E., Tomassen, J., den Braber, A., ten Kate, M., Collij, L. E., Yaqub, M. M., van Berckel, B. N. M., et al. (2019) · Acta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/aos.14121 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“No twin analyses on the contribution of genetic and environmental factors on the relation between amyloid aggregation and retinal parameters were performed, as there was no association in the total population (De Moor et al. 2008; Vitaro et al. 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLegey, S., Aquino, F., Lamego, M. K., Paes, F., Nardi, A. E., Neto, G. D. A. M., Mura, G., Sancassiani, F., Rocha, N., Murillo‐Rodríguez, E., et al. (2017) · Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health · doi:10.2174/1745017901713010082 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“[60] De Moor MH, Boomsma DI, Stubbe JH, Willemsen G, de Geus EJ.”
BackgroundDillon, C. B., McMahon, E., O'Regan, G., & Perry, I. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-018978 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Higher aggression is related to poorer academic performance in compulsory education
Vuoksimaa, E., Rose, R. J., Pulkkinen, L., Palviainen, T., Rimfeld, K., Lundström, S., Bartels, M., van Beijsterveldt, C., Hendriks, A. M., de Zeeuw, E. L., et al. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13273 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationThe beauty, logic and limitations of twin studies
Røysamb, E., & Tambs, K. (2016) · Norsk Epidemiologi · doi:10.5324/nje.v26i1-2.2014 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Newer approaches exploit all degrees of twin differences, and may examine discordance in either exposure or outcome (De Moor et al, 2008; McGue et al, 2010).”
Shared Genetic Factors Underlie Migraine and Depression
Yang, Y., Zhao, H., Heath, A. C., Madden, P. A. F., Martin, N. G., & Nyholt, D. R. (2016) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2016.46 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“…factors (i.e., the same genetic and environmental factors account for susceptibility of both migraine and depression [pleiotropy]) or their potential causation (i.e., genetic and environmental factors cause a primary disorder that results in a secondary disorder; De Moor et al., 2008).”
BackgroundMethodArat, G., & Wong, P. W.-C. (2017) · Child & Youth Services · doi:10.1080/0145935x.2017.1297202 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
A genetic perspective on the association between exercise and mental health
de Geus, E. J. C., & de Moor, M. H. M. (2008) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2008.09.005 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Khan, W. U., Michelini, G., & Battaglia, M. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.01.015 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Smit, D. J. A., Boomsma, D. I., Schnack, H. G., Pol, H. E. H., & de Geus, E. J. C. (2012) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2012.6 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“A possible design to tackle the core question of causality is the longitudinal assessment of both types of parameters in large twin samples (De Moor et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationA genetic analysis of brain volumes and IQ in children
van Leeuwen, M., Peper, J. S., van den Berg, S. M., Brouwer, R. M., Pol, H. E. H., Kahn, R. S., & Boomsma, D. I. (2008) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2008.10.005 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Beek, J. V., de Moor, M. D., Geels, L., Sinke, M., de Geus, E. D., Lubke, G., Kluft, C., Neuteboom, J., Vink, J., Willemsen, G., et al. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.09.016 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationde Zeeuw, E. L., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Ehli, E. A., de Geus, E. J. C., & Boomsma, D. I. (2017) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-017-9836-4 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Value of Twins for Health and Medical Research: A Third of a Century of Progress
Craig, J. M., Calais-Ferreira, L., Umstad, M. P., & Buchwald, D. (2020) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2020.4 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Genes contributing to subcortical volumes and intellectual ability implicate the thalamus
Bohlken, M. M., Brouwer, R. M., Mandl, R. C. W., van Haren, N. E. M., Brans, R. G. H., van Baal, G. C. M., de Geus, E. J. C., Boomsma, D. I., Kahn, R. S., & Hulshoff Pol, H. E. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22356 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“…overlapping set of genes directly influencing both phenotypes, but may also be explained by other mechanisms, including linkage-disequilibrium, phenotypic causality or environmentally mediated effects of one genetically influenced trait on another [de Moor et al., 2008; Rijsdijk and Sham, 2002].”
BackgroundSelf-citationPromoting Well-Being among Veterinary Medical Students: Protocol and Preliminary Findings
Drake, A. A. S., Hafen, M., & Rush, B. R. (2014) · Journal of Veterinary Medical Education · doi:10.3138/jvme.0214-026r · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Gene-Environment Interplay in Twin Models
Verhulst, B., & Hatemi, P. (2013) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mpt005 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The impact of lifestyle factors on the 2-year course of depressive and/or anxiety disorders
Boschloo, L., Reeuwijk, K. G., Schoevers, R. A., & Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2014) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2014.01.019 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
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“On one hand, sport has a beneficial effect on anxiety, depression, and mental health in control population [43], while intense exercise, stress competition, and specific dietary habits in elite athletes decrease the QoL, increasing depressive and anxiety symptoms [44–46].”
BackgroundSmoking Cessation, Depression, and Exercise: Empirical Evidence, Clinical Needs, and Mechanisms
Bernard, P., Ninot, G., Moullec, G., Guillaume, S., Courtet, P., & Quantin, X. (2013) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntt042 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“On the other hand, longitudinal prospective studies have revealed the bidirectionality of the association between PA and depression (De Moor, Boomsma, Stubbe, Willemsen, & de Geus, 2008; Harvey, Hotopf, Overland, & Mykletun, 2010).”
BackgroundRetinal and Cerebral Microvasculopathy: Relationships and Their Genetic Contributions
van de Kreeke, J. A., Nguyen, H., Konijnenberg, E., Tomassen, J., den Braber, A., ten Kate, M., Sudre, C. H., Barkhof, F., Boomsma, D. I., Tan, H. S., et al. (2018) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.18-25341 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“If a relationship is found, this suggests that the relationship between said traits is at least partially explained by shared factors, either genetic or environmental, between the twins.(28) A twin-difference analysis correlates the within twin-pair differences of a continuous trait to the within twin-pair differences…”
BackgroundSelf-citationPhysical exercise and depression
Eriksson, S., & Gard, G. E. (2011) · Physical Therapy Reviews · doi:10.1179/1743288x11y.0000000026 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Genetic Pathways Underlying Individual Differences in Regular Physical Activity
de Geus, E. J. C. (2022) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/jes.0000000000000305 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“the variance-covariance structure (14,85,86).”
Association of physical activity with future mental health in older, mid-life and younger women
Griffiths, A., Kouvonen, A. M., Pentti, J., Oksanen, T., Virtanen, M., Salo, P., Väänänen, A., Mika Kivimaki, B., & Vahtera, J. (2014) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckt199 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Huppertz, C., Bartels, M., de Geus, E. D., van Beijsterveldt, C. V., Rose, R. J., Kaprio, J., & Silventoinen, K. (2016) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12727 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Families where one parent was low educated and the other had not provided any information on education were excluded (N = 260 families for FinnTwin12 and N = 369 families for FinnTwin16).”
BackgroundMethodEdwards, A. C., Sihvola, E., Korhonen, T., Pulkkinen, L., Moilanen, I. K., Kaprio, J. A., Rose, R. J., & Dick, D. M. (2010) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-010-9400-y · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“The first is the cross-sectional MZ intrapair differences model (Pietilainen et al. 2007; De Moor et al. 2008), in which the phenotypic difference between twins for one trait is regressed onto the phenotypic difference in the other trait.”
- Authors
- De Moor, M. H. M., Boomsma, D. I., Stubbe, J. H., Willemsen, G., & de Geus, E. J. C.
- Affiliations
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2008-08-04
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 897
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2098908905
- Cited by
- 299
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 26
- FWCI
- 9.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- regular exercise, leisure-time physical activity, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, somatic anxiety, neuroticism, causal inference, genetic factors, twin families, common genetic factors
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depressive Disorder, Diseases in Twins, Female, Humans, Leisure Activities, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Personality Inventory, Twins, Dizygotic, Twins, Monozygotic, Exercise, Causality, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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