Neurocognition in Depression: Patients on and Off Medication Versus Healthy Comparison Subjects
Abstract
Patients with depression have neuropsychological deficits in attention, memory, psychomotor speed, processing speed, and executive function. It is not clear, however, whether neurocognition in depression is impaired in a global or nonspecific way or if specific cognitive domains are selectively impaired. This naturalistic cross-sectional study employed a computerized neurocognitive screening battery to evaluate 38 depressed, drug-free patients, compared to 31 patients who responded to antidepressant monotherapy and to 69 healthy comparison subjects. There was evidence for global neuropsychological impairment in untreated depressed patients. In patients who had been successfully treated, performance was improved but not normalized. There was also evidence for specific depression-related deficits in executive function and processing speed but not in memory, psychomotor speed, or reaction time. Although depressed patients have global neurocognitive impairments, deficits in certain cognitive domains are more important than in others. In particular, impairments are noted in tests of executive control and in tests that demand effortful attention. Information processing speed is also impaired but not reaction time. Computerized testing in the clinic setting demonstrates a range of neurocognitive problems in patients with depression. These problems may have a bearing on treatment and outcome.
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Persistent cognitive deficits can have detrimental effects on coping ability and execution of basic and instrumental activities of daily living.
“prior research suggests that persistent cognitive deficits (including cognitive inefficiency) can have detrimental effects on coping ability8 and execution of basic and instrumental activities of daily living.9”
From Cognitive Effects of Pharmacotherapy for Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review (2014) · cites this paper as [8]
There are many reports of cognitive impairments that remain following antidepressant treatment that successfully reduces depressive symptomatology, even when remission of depressive symptoms is obtained.
“In contrast, there are many reports of cognitive impairments that remain following antidepressant treatment that successfully reduces depressive symptomatology [19–21], even when remission of depressive symptoms is obtained [22–24].”
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- Authors
- Gualtieri, C. T., Johnson, L. G., & Benedict, K. B.
- Venue
- Journal of Neuropsychiatry
- Published
- 2006-05-01
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 217-225
- ISSN
- 0895-0172 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2051255630
- Cited by
- 231
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 7.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Neuropsychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- depression, neurocognitive function, neuropsychological deficits, executive function, processing speed, attention, memory, psychomotor speed, reaction time, antidepressant treatment, untreated depression, computerized cognitive assessment
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Antidepressive Agents, Attention, Cognition Disorders, Color Perception, Cross-Sectional Studies, Major Depressive Disorder, Depressive Disorder, Major, Discrimination Learning, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Psychometrics, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Reference Values, Retrospective Studies, Semantics
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