Psychometric validation of the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire-Depression (PDQ-D) instrument in US and UK respondents with major depressive disorder

Lam, Raymond; Lamy, François-Xavier; Danchenko, Natalya; Yarlas, Aaron; White, Michelle K; Rive, Benoît; Saragoussi, Delphine

doi:10.2147/ndt.s175188

Cited by 101Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesTreatment of Major DepressionPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

Psychometric validation of the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire-Depression (PDQ-D) instrument in US and UK respondents with major depressive disorder

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Lam, Raymond, Lamy, François-Xavier, Danchenko, Natalya, Yarlas, Aaron, White, Michelle K, Rive, Benoît, Saragoussi, Delphine·2018·Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment

DOI 10.2147/ndt.s175188PMC PMC6211374

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Abstract

Background: Although depression and cognitive dysfunction are connected, limited tools exist to capture the patient’s perspective on cognitive dysfunction and its impact on major depressive disorder (MDD). We report results of a psychometric validation of the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire-Depression (PDQ-D), a self-report measure of cognitive dysfunction for use in MDD. Methods: A non-interventional, prospective, panel-recruited, online survey was conducted using the PDQ-D in adults with and without MDD in the US and UK. Respondents were assessed at baseline and after 6 weeks (MDD only) (baseline: US n=418, UK n=437, 49% MDD; follow-up: US n=169, UK n=153, all MDD). The criterion measures included: Medical Outcomes Study Cognitive Functioning Scale-Revised-acute form (MOS COG-R), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Patient Global Impression of Severity scale (PGI-Severity), Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS), Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire: Specific-Health Problem (WPAI:SHP), and modified Lam Employment Absence and Productivity Scale (LEAPS). US and UK data were analyzed separately. Results: Internal consistency was high for PDQ-D total scale and four subscales (Cronbach’s alpha 0.81–0.96). Convergent validity was good, with strong concordance with MOS COG-R and moderate/small correlations with PHQ-9, SDS, WPAI:SHP, LEAPS, and PGI-Severity. Significant differences (all P <0.001) existed for all PDQ-D subscale and total scores between MDD/non-MDD samples. The PDQ-D was responsive to changes in depression symptom severity. Confirmatory factor analysis supported scoring of a global overall scale for perceived cognitive dysfunction. Conclusion: The PDQ-D provides a reliable and valid measure of subjective cognitive dysfunction in patients with MDD. Keywords: major depressive disorder, cognitive dysfunction, psychometric validation, self-report

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The Perceived Deficits Questionnaire-Depression (PDQ-D) is a measure that assesses subjective cognitive dysfunction in depression.
“One additional item assessing self-perceived concentration was taken from the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire—Depression (PDQ-D) [37,38], a measure that assesses subjective cognitive dysfunction in depression.”
From Wearable technology for high-frequency cognitive and mood assessment in major depressive disorder: longitudinal observational study (2019) · cites this paper as [38]

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Characterizing mood disorders in the AFFECT study: a large, longitudinal, and phenotypically rich genetic cohort in the US
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Acute Efficacy and Safety of Escitalopram Versus Desvenlafaxine and Vortioxetine in the Treatment of Depression With Cognitive Complaint: A Rater-Blinded Randomized Comparative Study
Lee, S.-H., Jeon, S. W., Shin, C., Pae, C.-U., Patkar, A. A., Masand, P. S., An, H., & Han, C. (2022) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2021.0368 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Vortioxetine in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder in Real-World Clinical Practice in Italy: Results from the RELIEVE Study
Filippis, S. D., Pugliese, A., Christensen, M. C., Rosso, G., Nicola, M. D., Simonsen, K., & Ren, H. (2022) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s375294 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Cognitive impact of anticholinergic and sedative burden in people with HIV
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Practical pathway for the management of depression in the workplace: a Canadian perspective
Chokka, P. R., Bender, A., Brennan, S., Ahmed, G., Corbière, M., Dozois, D. J. A., Habert, J., Harrison, J., Katzman, M. A., McIntyre, R. S., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1207653 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Associations between increased circulating endothelial progenitor cell levels and anxiety/depressive severity, cognitive deficit and function disability among patients with major depressive disorder
Liou, Y., Chen, M.-H., Hsu, J.-W., Huang, K.-L., Huang, P.-H., & Bai, Y.-M. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-97853-9 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Prediction of residual cognitive disturbances by early response of depressive symptoms to antidepressant treatments in patients with major depressive disorder
Sumiyoshi, T., Hoshino, T., Mishiro, I., Hammer-Helmich, L., Ge, H., Moriguchi, Y., Fujikawa, K., & Fernandez, J. L. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.09.025 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Testing the efficacy of INtegral Cognitive REMediation (INCREM) in major depressive disorder: study protocol for a randomized clinical trial
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If you feel you can’t, you won’t: the role of subjective and objective cognitive competence on psychosocial functioning in depression
Vicent-Gil, M., Trujols, J., Serra-Blasco, M., Navarra‐Ventura, G., Puigdemont, D., Alemany, C., Crivillés, S., de Diego-Adeliño, J., Cardoner, N., & Portella, M. J. (2023) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.2454 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Real-world clinical outcomes and treatment patterns in patients with MDD treated with vortioxetine: a retrospective study
McDaniel, B. T., Cornet, V. P., Carroll, J., Chrones, L., Chudzik, J., Cochran, J., Guha, S., Lawrence, D. F. E., McCue, M., Sarkey, S., et al. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-05439-8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A Randomized Evaluation of MoodFX, a Patient-Centred e-Health Tool to Support Outcome Measurement for Depression: Une évaluation randomisée de MoodFX, un outil de santé en ligne centré sur le patient pour soutenir la mesure du résultat dans la dépression.
Li, V. W., Sahota, J., Dev, D. K., Gill, D. D., Evans, V. C., Axler, A., Chakrabarty, T., Do, A., Keramatian, K., Nunez, J.-J., et al. (2024) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/07067437241245331 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Validity and reliability of patient reported outcomes measurement information system computerized adaptive tests in systemic lupus erythematous
Moazzami, M., Katz, P., Bonilla, D., Engel, L., Su, J., Akhavan, P. S., Anderson, N. M., Tayer-Shifman, O. E., Beaton, D., & Touma, Z. (2021) · Lupus · doi:10.1177/09612033211051275 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Anxiety symptoms in working patients with major depressive disorder treated with vortioxetine: associations with clinical and treatment outcomes in the AtWoRC study
Chokka, P. R., Ge, H., Bougie, J. K., Ettrup, A., & Clerzius, G. (2021) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/20451253211013148 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Long-term follow-up of brain regional changes and the association with cognitive impairment in quarantined COVID-19 survivors
Zhang, S., Yuan, M., He, D., Dang, W., & Zhang, W. (2024) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-023-01741-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Effectiveness of vortioxetine in elderly patients with major depressive disorder in real-world clinical practice: Results from the RELIEVE study
Nicola, M. D., Adair, M., Rieckmann, A., & Cronquist Christensen, M. (2024) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811241260996 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Additional Reduction of Residual Symptoms with Aripiprazole Augmentation in the Patients with Partially Remitted Major Depressive Disorder
Shin, C., Pae, C., Kwak, K. P., Jeon, S. W., Jeong, H., Kim, J.-W., Lee, Y. J., Patkar, A. A., & Han, C. (2021) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2021.19.2.243 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Health-Related Quality of Life Over 6 Months in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder Who Started Antidepressant Monotherapy
Noto, S., Wake, M., Mishiro, I., Hammer-Helmich, L., Ren, H., Moriguchi, Y., Fujikawa, K., & Fernandez, J. L. (2022) · Value in Health Regional Issues · doi:10.1016/j.vhri.2021.12.001 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
EEG spectral analysis of nighttime sleep and daytime MSLTs and neurocognitive evaluations in subjects with co-morbid insomnia and OSA
Shi, Y., Nie, Y., Hao, F., Feng, X., Zhang, Y., Sanford, L. D., Ren, R., & Tang, X. (2025) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-025-03193-x · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Functioning Assessment Short Test (FAST): Clinically meaningful response threshold in patients with major depressive disorder receiving antidepressant treatment
Christensen, M. C., Schmidt, S. N., & Grande, I. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.07.018 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Levels of circulating endothelial progenitor cells inversely correlate with manic and positive symptom severity in patients with bipolar disorder
Liou, Y., Chen, M., Hsu, J.-W., Huang, K., Huang, P., & Bai, Y. (2022) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2570 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Exploring cognitive symptoms in patients with unipolar and bipolar major depression: A comparative evaluation of subjective and objective performance
Rosso, G., Porceddu, G., Portaluppi, C., Garrone, C., Salvo, G. D., & Maina, G. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116422 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gender-specific associations of blood immune markers with symptoms and cognitive function in major depressive disorder: a cross-sectional observational study
Yang, D., Zhan, X., Fan, Y., Gao, Y., Ma, Q., Ma, X., & Jia, M. (2025) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-025-07277-2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Evaluating the efficacy and mechanisms of a ketogenic diet as adjunctive treatment for people with treatment-resistant depression: A protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Gao, M., Kirk, M., Lash, E., Knight, H., Michalopoulou, M., Guess, N. D., Browning, M. D., Weich, S., Burnet, P. W. J., Jebb, S. A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.04.023 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Subjective cognitive assessments and N-back are not correlated, and they are differentially affected by anxiety and depression
Eser, H. Y., Yalçınay-İnan, M., Küçüker, M. U., Kilçiksiz, C. M., Yılmaz, S., Di̇nçer, N., Kılıç, Ö., Ercan, A. C., & Aydemır, Ö. (2021) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2021.1969400 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
THINC-Integrated Tool (THINC-it): A Brief Measurement of Changes in Cognitive Functioning and Its Correlation with the Life Quality of Patients with Schizophrenia and Related Disorders—A Pilot Study
Szmyd, J., Lewczuk, K., Teopiz, K. M., McIntyre, R. S., & Wichniak, A. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13030389 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
User-Centered Design of a Digitally Enabled Care Pathway in a Large Health System: Qualitative Interview Study
McCue, M., Khatib, R., Kabir, C., Blair, C., Fehnert, B., King, J., Spalding, A., Zaki, L. A. M., Chrones, L., Roy, A., et al. (2023) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/42768 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Effectiveness of Vortioxetine in Working Patients with Major Depressive Disorder in China: A Subgroup Analysis of the RELIEVE China Study
Wang, G., Si, T., Rieckmann, A., Ma, J., & Christensen, M. C. (2024) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s460408 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A retrospective chart review to assess the impact of alpha-guided transcranial magnetic stimulation on symptoms of PTSD and depression in active-duty special operations service members
Bailar‐Heath, M., Burke, R. J., Thomas, D., & Morrow, C. D. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1354763 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Design and Implementation of a Digitally Enabled Care Pathway to Improve Management of Depression in a Large Health Care System: Protocol for the Implementation of a Patient Care Platform
Khatib, R., McCue, M., Blair, C., Roy, A., Franco, J., Fehnert, B., King, J., Sarkey, S., Chrones, L., Martin, M., et al. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/43788 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Association Between Daytime Sleepiness and Quality of Life in Chinese Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation of Cognitive Dysfunction and Depressive Symptoms
Li, W., Hu, N., Yang, X., Zheng, W., Tong, J., Song, J., Song, Y., Gao, X., Wang, Z., Liu, W., et al. (2025) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s524185 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Goal Attainment Scaling for Depression: Validation of the Japanese GAS-D Tool in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder
Kato, M., Kikuchi, T., Watanabe, K., Sumiyoshi, T., Moriguchi, Y., Åström, D. O., & Christensen, M. C. (2024) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s441382 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Co-supplementation of synbiotics and anti-inflammatory-antioxidant rich diet in patients with progressive forms of multiple sclerosis: A single-center, randomized clinical trial
Moravejolahkami, A. R., Chitsaz, A., Hassanzadeh, A., & Paknahad, Z. (2024) · Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.3233/mnm-230098 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Neuropsychological Symptoms Self‐Report: psychometric properties in an adolescent and young adult mental health cohort
Allott, K., Gao, C. X., Fisher, C. A., Hetrick, S. E., Filia, K., Menssink, J. M., Herrman, H., Rickwood, D., Parker, A. G., McGorry, P. D., et al. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.1111/camh.12473 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Assessing reliability and validity of the oxford depression questionnaire (ODQ) in a Japanese clinical population
Kato, M., Kikuchi, T., Watanabe, K., Sumiyoshi, T., Moriguchi, Y., Åström, D., & Christensen, M. (2023) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s428443 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Patient and Care Team Perspectives of Barriers to and Facilitators for the Implementation of a Digital Health Program for Depression in Primary Care: Qualitative Study
Nederveld, A., Robertson, E. A., Lanigan, A. M., Callen, E. F., Clay, T. L., Fehnert, B., Chrones, L., Martin, M. L., McCue, M., Hester, C. M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/72003 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Demographic and comorbid factors associated with the development of medication overuse headache
Kniazeva, I. A., Gilev, D. V., Osipova, V. V., & Lebedeva, E. R. (2024) · Neurology neuropsychiatry Psychosomatics · doi:10.14412/2074-2711-2024-1s-12-18 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A Multi-Center Study for the Development of the Taiwan Cognition Questionnaire (TCQ) in Major Depressive Disorder
Yen, Y., Chiu, N.-Y., Hwang, T., Su, T., Yang, Y.-K., Chen, C., Li, C., Su, K., Lai, T., & Chang, C. (2022) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm12030359 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Circulating endothelial progenitor cell dysfunction in patients with bipolar disorder
Liou, Y., Chen, M., Hsu, J.-W., Huang, K., Huang, P., & Bai, Y. (2022) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-022-01530-5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Quality of Life and Caregiver Burden in Adult ADHD, Major Depressive Disorder, and Personality Disorders: A Cross-Sectional Study
Shahbazi, M., Mihan, R., Sadighi, G., & Alikhani, R. (2025) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-025-10189-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Patient and physician perceptions of the burden of tardive dyskinesia: an international survey
Chepke, C., Levin, A. P., Yang, A., Reed, S., Berjonneau, E., Calvé, P. L., Tian, M., Reshef, S., Horchi, D., Ustündağ, K. T., et al. (2025) · BMJ Neurology Open · doi:10.1136/bmjno-2025-001170 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Discrepancy between self-reported and performance-based attention
Gjorup, A. L. T., Maia, A., Schmidt, G. J., Marques, A. C., Tolentino, J. C., Trotto, E. F., de Medeiros, P. B., & Schmidt, S. L. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.121098 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Association between baseline cognitive symptoms and the subsequent presenteeism and global function in patients with major depressive disorder
Watanabe, K., Marumoto, T., Ge, H., Moriguchi, Y., Fujikawa, K., & Fernandez, J. L. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.07.036 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A 6-Month Open-Label Study of Vortioxetine among Cancer Patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Ng, C. G., Abousheishaa, A. A., Low, S.-Y., Zainal, N. Z., Thong, K. S., Awaluddin, A., Loo, T. H., Yacob, S., Jaafar, N. R. N., Taib, N. I. A., et al. (2023) · Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention · doi:10.31557/apjcp.2023.24.8.2583 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cognitive Symptoms and Overall Functioning During Major Depressive Episodes: Correlation Analysis of Patients With Unipolar and Bipolar Disorders
Porceddu, G., Garrone, C., Maina, G., & Rosso, G. (2026) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/7231049 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Nurse-Talk Ratios as a Measure of Participation in a Cognitive Rehabilitation Intervention for People With Type 2 Diabetes
Cuevas, H. E., & Carter, S. (2021) · Research and theory for nursing practice · doi:10.1891/rtnp-d-19-00130 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Development of a self-report measure of cognitive change: assessment of interpretability in two samples, people with HIV and people without HIV
Kaur, N., Askari, S., Fellows, L. K., Brouillette, M., & Mayo, N. E. (2022) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-022-03288-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dysfunction of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in major depressive disorder
Liou, Y., Chen, M., Hsu, J.-W., Huang, K., Huang, P., & Bai, Y. (2024) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2023.49 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Patient-reported efficacy of adjunctive brexpiprazole in major depressive disorder in a phase 4, open-label, interventional study
Therrien, F., Chokka, P. R., Habert, J., Ismail, Z., McIntyre, R. S., Dine, J. L., Brown, T. M., Zhang, Z., MacKenzie, E. M., & Ward, C. (2025) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2025.2558140 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
SUICIDAL IDEATION IN DEPRESSED PATIENTS AND THERAPEUTIC ROLE OF VORTIOXETINE: SECONDARY ANALYSIS OF A LARGE PROSPECTIVE STUDY
Chaudhry, N., Kiran, T., Khoso, A., Nisa, Z., Rasool, G., Dogar, I., Mahmood, K., Hamdani, S., Rajper, A. B., Minhas, F., et al. (2021) · Journal of Pakistan Psychiatric Society · doi:10.63050/jpps.18.03.118 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Research Progress of MECT and SSRIs on Cognitive Function of Depressive Disorder
吴, 潇. (2025) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2025.151134
Associations Between Cognitive Function on Return to Work, Readiness to Return to Work and Work Continuation After Return to Work: A Longitudinal Study of Workers With Major Depressive Disorder
Furusawa, R., Mafune, K., Hino, A., Inoue, A., & Eguchi, H. (2025) · Journal of UOEH · doi:10.7888/juoeh.47.55
Cognitive discrepancy patterns and their association with psychosocial functioning across affective disorders
Vicent-Gil, M., Serra-Blasco, M., Trujols, J., Navarra‐Ventura, G., de Diego-Adeliño, J., Puigdemont, D., Alemany, C., Pérez‐Blanco, J., Portella, M. J., & Cardoner, N. (2025) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental · doi:10.1016/j.sjpmh.2025.05.001
A circulating miRNA profile is associated with response to cognitive remediation in major depressive disorderPreprint
Bortolozzi, A. A., Miquel-Rio, L., Vicent-Gil, M., Jericó-Escolar, J., Carrasco-Hernández, J., Jubero, M., Paz, V., Gawron, L., Ruiz‐Bronchal, E., Vera, J., et al. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8113450/v1
From social-environmental stress to core psychological dysfunction and suicidality in first-episode depressed adolescents: Network perspective
Luo, H., Wang, X., Gao, Y., Ren, H., Liu, G., An, X., Yu, S., Zhang, J., Wen, X., Jafri, C. Z., et al. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.120998
Additional file 1 of Remote Assessment of Disease and Relapse in Major Depressive Disorder (RADAR-MDD): recruitment, retention, and data availability in a longitudinal remote measurement study
Matcham, F., Leightley, D., Siddi, S., Lamers, F., White, K. M., Annas, P., de Girolamo, G., Difrancesco, S., Haro, J. M., Horsfall, M., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19211615
Additional file 3 of Remote Assessment of Disease and Relapse in Major Depressive Disorder (RADAR-MDD): recruitment, retention, and data availability in a longitudinal remote measurement study
Matcham, F., Leightley, D., Siddi, S., Lamers, F., White, K. M., Annas, P., de Girolamo, G., Difrancesco, S., Haro, J. M., Horsfall, M., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19211621
Additional file 5 of Remote Assessment of Disease and Relapse in Major Depressive Disorder (RADAR-MDD): recruitment, retention, and data availability in a longitudinal remote measurement study
Matcham, F., Leightley, D., Siddi, S., Lamers, F., White, K. M., Annas, P., de Girolamo, G., Difrancesco, S., Haro, J. M., Horsfall, M., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19211627
Additional file 2 of Remote Assessment of Disease and Relapse in Major Depressive Disorder (RADAR-MDD): recruitment, retention, and data availability in a longitudinal remote measurement study
Matcham, F., Leightley, D., Siddi, S., Lamers, F., White, K. M., Annas, P., de Girolamo, G., Difrancesco, S., Haro, J. M., Horsfall, M., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19211618
Additional file 1 of Real-world clinical outcomes and treatment patterns in patients with MDD treated with vortioxetine: a retrospective study
McDaniel, B. T., Cornet, V. P., Carroll, J., Chrones, L., Chudzik, J., Cochran, J., Guha, S., Lawrence, D. F. E., McCue, M., Sarkey, S., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26653461
Additional file 1 of Real-world effectiveness of vortioxetine in outpatients with major depressive disorder: functioning and dose effects
Papalexi, E., Galanopoulos, A., Kontis, D., Markopoulou, M., Balta, G., Karavelas, E., Panagiotidis, P., Vlachos, T., & Ettrup, A. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20484658
Additional file 4 of Remote Assessment of Disease and Relapse in Major Depressive Disorder (RADAR-MDD): recruitment, retention, and data availability in a longitudinal remote measurement study
Matcham, F., Leightley, D., Siddi, S., Lamers, F., White, K. M., Annas, P., de Girolamo, G., Difrancesco, S., Haro, J. M., Horsfall, M., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.19211624
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Used at Home for People with Self-Reported Depression: Impact on Self-Reported Concentration Problems
Griffiths, C., Banazadeh, A., & Mu, M. (2025) · Open Journal of Depression · doi:10.4236/ojd.2026.151001
Effects of Adjunctive Brexpiprazole in Major Depressive Disorder Analyzed by Baseline Anxiety Level
Therrien, F., Ward, C., Zhang, Z., Chokka, P. R., Habert, J., Ismail, Z., McIntyre, R. S., & Marrache, A. M. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000002118
Effectiveness and the patient experience with vortioxetine vs other standard-of-care antidepressants in major depressive disorder: Real-world insights from an observational, prospective, decentralized study using the PatientsLikeMe platform
Bispham, J. A., Blair, C., Parikh, S. V., McIntyre, R. S., Opler, M. G. A., Macarayan, E. R., Burke, M. C., Karim, A., Martin, M. L., Driscoll-Shempp, P., et al. (2026) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2025.101019
Association between excessive daytime sleepiness and depression among Chinese adolescents: the chain mediating effect of fatigue and cognitive deficits
Liu, W., Yu, Y., Zheng, W., Song, W., Fu, Y., Di, Y., Li, S., Liu, Z., Wang, L., Yang, X., et al. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-025-09027-9
Understanding cognitive dysfunction in depression: perspectives and practices of UK health and social care professionals, a qualitative study
Akhtar, A., Nwofe, E. S., Shafiq, S., Parveen, S., & Windle, K. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-109285
Peripheral miRNA profiling identifies therapy-specific biological trajectories in the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in depression: an exploratory mechanistic study
Miquel-Rio, L., Vicent-Gil, M., Jericó-Escolar, J., Carrasco-Hernández, J., Jubero, M., Paz, V., Gawron, L., Ruiz‐Bronchal, E., Vera, J., Bonnín, C. D. M., et al. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-55039-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Real-World Implementation and Evaluation of a Digitally Enabled Care Pathway to Improve Depression Management in Primary Care: Controlled Pre-Post Analysis of the Pathway Platform
Khatib, R., Blair, C., McCue, M., Fehnert, B., King, J., Zaki, L. A. M., Chrones, L., Roy, A., Martin, M., DONOVAN, R., et al. (2026) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/93024
Differential associations of inflammatory-metabolic markers with depressive symptom dimensions: Towards a clinical phenotyping of immune-metabolic depression
Nicola, M. D., Pepe, M., Aguglia, A., Albert, U., Bartoli, F., Carbone, E. A., Carrà, G., Castellini, G., Fazio, P. D., Lorenzo, G. D., et al. (2026) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2026.108000
Electroencephalogram spectral analysis of nighttime sleep and daytime multiple sleep latency tests and neurocognitive evaluations in obstructive sleep apnea patients with residual sleepiness
Shi, Y., Feng, X., Lei, F., Guan, S., Chen, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhang, X., Jiang, Y., Yang, Y., Sun, L., et al. (2026) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsag241

Psychometric Validation of Perceived Deficits Questionnaire – Depression (PDQ-D) in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
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Reliability and validity of Chinese version of perceived deficits questionnaire for depression in patients with MDD
Shi, C., Wang, G., Tian, F., Han, X., Sha, S., Xing, X., & Yu, X. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.03.021 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Validation and Functional Relevance of the Short Form of the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire for Depression for Japanese Patients with Major Depressive Disorder
Sumiyoshi, T., Uchida, H., Watanabe, K., Oosawa, M., Ren, H., Moriguchi, Y., Fujikawa, K., & Fernandez, J. L. (2022) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s381647 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Development of a Korean Version of the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire-Depression for Patients with Major Depressive Disorder
Kim, J., Hong, J.-P., Kim, S.-D., Kang, H., & Lee, Y.-S. (2016) · Clinical Psychopharmacology and Neuroscience · doi:10.9758/cpn.2016.14.1.26 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
PMH42 Assessing Impacts of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) on Cognitive Function
Forsyth, B., Fehnel, S. E., Danchenko, N., François, C., & Brevig, T. (2012) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2012.08.832
Self-citation

Authors: Lam, R., Lamy, F.-X., Danchenko, N., Yarlas, A., White, M. K., Rive, B., & Saragoussi, D.
Affiliations: University of British Columbia (CA)
Optum (United States) (US)
Corresponding author: Lam, Raymond
ORCID: Lam, Raymond
Lamy, François-Xavier
Danchenko, Natalya
Yarlas, Aaron
White, Michelle K
Saragoussi, Delphine
Venue: Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2018-10
Volume: Volume 14
Pages: 2861-2877
ISSN: 1176-6328 (ISSN-L)
1178-2021
DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s175188
PMC: PMC6211374
OpenAlex: W2898124695
Cited by: 101
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3
FWCI: 7.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Funders: Pfizer
Movember Foundation
Fondation Brain Canada
Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments
H. Lundbeck A/S
Victoria General Hospital Foundation
St. Jude Medical
Allergan
University Health Network Foundation
Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords: major depressive disorder, cognitive impairment, psychometric validation, self-report measures, perceived cognitive impairment, internal consistency, convergent validity, responsiveness to change, labor productivity, disability, patient perspectives

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Psychometric validation of the Perceived Deficits Questionnaire-Depression (PDQ-D) instrument in US and UK respondents with major depressive disorder

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