Childhood emotional and behavioral problems and educational attainment
Abstract
Do childhood emotional and behavioral problems diminish the probability of graduating from high school and attending college? If so, are their effects primarily attributable to the persistence of those problems over time, to continuities in social environments, or to the cumulative effects of early academic failures? We provide answers to these questions using data from the Children of the National Longitudinal Surveys of Youth data set (1986-2000). Internalizing and externalizing problems at ages 6-8 significantly and strongly diminish the probability of receiving a high school degree. Among youth who receive a high school degree, externalizing problems also diminish the probability of subsequent college enrollment. In the case of high school degree receipt, the educational disadvantages associated with child emotional and behavioral problems result from the association of those problems with academic failures in middle and high school. In contrast, the association of childhood behavior problems with college enrollment appears to reflect the persisting effects of early behavioral and academic predispositions. Our results add to a growing body of research that demonstrates that social selection processes contribute to socioeconomic disparities. They also suggest new directions for research concerned with socially-structured, transactional, person-environment interactions.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Early-onset major depressive disorder predicts later difficulties in role transitions, such as lower educational attainment, higher risk of teen childbearing, marital disruption, and unstable employment.
“Early-onset MDD is found to predict difficulties in subsequent role transitions, including low educational attainment, high risk of teen child-bearing, marital disruption, and unstable employment.”
From The Costs of Depression (2012) · cites this paper as [23]
Early-onset mental disorders are associated with ending education, with disruptive behavior disorders and bipolar disorder showing the strongest associations, and major depressive disorder associated with roughly 60% higher odds of failing to complete secondary school in high-income countries.
“Several studies show early-onset mental disorders associated termination of education.19–26 While disruptive behavior disorders and bipolar disorder tend to have the strongest associations in these studies, MDD also is significantly associated with a roughly 60% elevated odds of failure to complete secondary school than otherwise comparable youth in high income countries.”
From The Costs of Depression (2012) · cites this paper as [23]
Cites
The CES-D Scale: A Self-Report Depression Scale for Research in the General Population
Radloff, L. S. (1977) · Applied Psychological Measurement · doi:10.1177/014662167700100306 · Cited by 53,267 · see citing works
The Handbook of Social Psychology
Gravatt, A. E., Lindzey, G. E., & Aronson, F. (1969) · The Family Coordinator · doi:10.2307/582242 · Cited by 12,518 · see citing works
Digest of Education Statistics
Dillow, S. A., Snyder, T. D., Snyder, T. D., Snyder, Dillow, S. A., & Thomas (1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.51-5366 · Cited by 7,533 · see citing works
(1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 5,872 · see citing works
Socioeconomic status and child development
Bradley, R. H., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135233 · Cited by 5,484 · see citing works
Menaghan, E. G. (2004) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.1177/009430610403300625 · Cited by 2,799 · see citing works
Hussar, W. J., Planty, M., Aud, S., & Snyder, T. D. (2005) · Cited by 1,957 · see citing works
Moffitt, T. E., Caspi, A., Harrington, H., & Milne, B. J. (2002) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579402001104 · Cited by 1,734 · see citing works
Hinshaw, S. P. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.111.1.127 · Cited by 1,636 · see citing works
How Much Does Childhood Poverty Affect the Life Chances of Children?
Duncan, G. J., Yeung, W. J., Jeanne Brooks-gunn, B., & Smith, J. R. (1998) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2657556 · Cited by 1,616 · see citing works
Pathways to Adulthood in Changing Societies: Variability and Mechanisms in Life Course Perspective
Shanahan, M. J. (2000) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.26.1.667 · Cited by 1,559 · see citing works
BARKLEY, R. A., FISCHER, M., EDELBROCK, C. S., & SMALLISH, L. (1990) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199007000-00007 · Cited by 1,507 · see citing works
Social consequences of psychiatric disorders, I: Educational attainment
(1995) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.152.7.1026 · Cited by 1,370 · see citing works
The Epidemiology of Social Stress
Turner, R. J., Wheaton, B., & Lloyd, D. A. (1995) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2096348 · Cited by 1,362 · see citing works
A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health Second Edition
Scheid, T. L., & Brown, T. N. (2009) · Cited by 1,320 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Status and Psychiatric Disorders: The Causation-Selection Issue
Dohrenwend, B. P., Levav, I., Shrout, P. E., Schwartz, S., Naveh, G., Link, B. G., Skodol, A. E., & Stueve, A. (1992) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1546291 · Cited by 1,276 · see citing works
Sociological Perspectives on Social Psychology.
Stryker, S., Cook, K. S., Fine, G. A., & House, J. S. (1995) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2076717 · Cited by 1,272 · see citing works
Digest of Education Statistics 2003
Snyder, T. D., Tan, A. G., & Hoffman, C. M. (2002) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e492182006-003 · Cited by 1,227 · see citing works
Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health
(2013) · Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5 · Cited by 922 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Although a variety of social disadvantages clearly contribute to variation in children’s emotional and behavioral problems (Aber et al. 1997; McLeod and Nonnemaker 1999), children’s problems also contribute importantly and independently to educational trajectories.”
BackgroundThe Twelfth Jack Tizard Memorial Lecture *
Farrington, D. P. (1995) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01342.x · Cited by 903 · see citing works
Research in Sociology of Education and Socialization.
Levinson, D. L., & Pallas, A. M. (1995) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2076703 · Cited by 900 · see citing works
Children's interpersonal behaviors and the teacher–child relationship.
Birch, S. H., & Ladd, G. W. (1998) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.34.5.934 · Cited by 879 · see citing works
Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health
Aneshensel, C. S., & Phelan, J. C. (1999) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/0-387-36223-1 · Cited by 812 · see citing works
Adult Outcomes of Childhood and Adolescent Depression: I. Psychiatric Status
Harrington, R. (1990) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810170065010 · Cited by 764 · see citing works
(2015) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20880-0 · Cited by 763 · see citing works
The sense of well-being in America
Campbell, A. (1981) · Cited by 721 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Status Differences in Vulnerability to Undesirable Life Events
McLeod, J. D., & Kessler, R. C. (1990) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137170 · Cited by 672 · see citing works
Self-citationCaspi, A., Wright, B. R. E., Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1998) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2657557 · Cited by 650 · see citing works
Social Structure and Personality.
Turner, R. H., & Parsons, T. (1965) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2091153 · Cited by 645 · see citing works
Paths to High School Graduation or Dropout: A Longitudinal Study of a First-Grade Cohort
Ensminger, M. E., & Slusarcick, A. L. (1992) · Sociology of Education · doi:10.2307/2112677 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Bird, C. E., Conrad, P., Fremont, A. M., & Timmermans, S. (1972) · Cited by 589 · see citing works
Farrington, D. P. (1995) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Miech, R. A., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Wright, B. R. E., & Silva, P. A. (1999) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/210137 · Cited by 575 · see citing works
Achenbach, T. M., Howell, C. T., Quay, H. C., Conners, C. K., & Bates, J. E. (1991) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1166156 · Cited by 571 · see citing works
The effects of poverty on child health and development.
Aber, J. L., Bennett, N. G., Conley, D. C., & Li, J. (1997) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.18.1.463 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Effects of Parental Divorce on Mental Health Throughout the Life Course
Cherlin, A. J., Chase-Lansdale, P. L., & McRae, C. (1998) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2657325 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
Adolescent Competence and the Shaping of the Life Course
Clausen, J. S. (1991) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/229609 · Cited by 488 · see citing works
Continuities and Consequences of Interactional Styles Across the Life Course
Caspi, A., Bem, D. J., & Elder, G. H. (1989) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1989.tb00487.x · Cited by 485 · see citing works
The interactional nature of depression: Advances in interpersonal approaches.
(1999) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10311-000 · Cited by 478 · see citing works
Stress and the Life Course: A Paradigmatic Alliance
Pearlin, L. I., & Skaff, M. M. (1996) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/36.2.239 · Cited by 447 · see citing works
Violence and the Life Course: The Consequences of Victimization for Personal and Social Development
Macmillan, R. (2001) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.1 · Cited by 444 · see citing works
Adult outcomes of childhood and adolescent depression.
Rc, H. (1991) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Huesmann, L. R. (1994) · The Plenum series in social/clinical psychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9116-7 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
Bloom, S. W. (1964) · American Journal of Public Health and the Nations Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.54.3.543-a · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P. R., Dohrenwend, B. P., Link, B. G., & Brook, J. S. (1999) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.108.3.490 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Johnson, J. G., Cohen, P., Dohrenwend, B. P., Link, B. G., & Brook, J. S. (1999) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.108.3.490 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health
(2009) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511984945 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Gender, Race, and DSM-III: A Study of the Objectivity of Psychiatric Diagnostic Behavior
Loring, M. T., & Powell, B. (1988) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137177 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Esser, G., Mh, S., & Woerner, W. (1990) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1990.tb01565.x · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Orderly change in a stable world: The antisocial trait as a chimera.
Patterson, G. R. (1993) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.61.6.911 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Beller, M., & Leerssen, J. (2007) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789004358133_124 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
Peer Adaptations in the Development of Antisocial Behavior
Dishion, T. J., Patterson, G. R., & Griesler, P. C. (1994) · The Plenum series in social/clinical psychology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9116-7_4 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Menaghan, E. G., & Parcel, T. L. (1991) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/352909 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
THE FAMILIAL TRANSMISSION OF CRIMINAL CONVICTIONS*
Rowe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (1997) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1997.tb00874.x · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Ritsher, J. B., Warner, V., Johnson, J. G., & Dohrenwend, B. P. (2001) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.178.40.s84 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Lasting Effects of Elementary School
Entwisle, D. R., & Hayduk, L. A. (1988) · Sociology of Education · doi:10.2307/2112624 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
McGee, R. O., Prior, M., Williams, S., Smart, D., & Sanson, A. V. (2002) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00228 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
An Epidemiological Study of Disorders in Late Childhood and Adolescence—II. Persistence of Disorders
Cohen, P. R., Cohen, J., & Brook, J. S. (1993) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb01095.x · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Offord, D. R., Boyle, M. H., Fleming, J. E., Blum, H. M., & Rae-Grant, N. I. (1989) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/070674378903400602 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Eaton, W. W., Muntaner, C., BOVASSO, G. B., & Smith, C. (2001) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/3090215 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
The Sociogenesis of Psychological Disorder: Reexamining the Causal Issues with Longitudinal Data
Wheaton, B. (1978) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2094497 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
McLeod, J. D., & Nonnemaker, J. M. (2000) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2676302 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Outcome of Adolescent Depression in the Ontario Child Health Study Follow-up
Fleming, J. E., Boyle, M. H., & Offord, D. R. (1993) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199301000-00005 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Beattie, I. R. (2002) · Sociology of Education · doi:10.2307/3090252 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Personal Control in Social and Life Course Contexts
Zarit, S. H., Pearlin, L. I., & Schaie, K. W. (2003) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Conduct Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence
(2000) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511543852 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Conduct Disorders in Childhood and Adolescence.
&NA; (2001) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-200108000-00019 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
The effects of psychiatric disorders on the probability and timing of first marriage
Forthofer, M. S., Kessler, R. C., Story, A. L., & Gotlib, I. H. (1996) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137268 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Boyle, M. H., Offord, D. R., Racine, Y. A., Sanford, M., Szatmári, P., Fleming, J. E., & Price-Munn, N. (1993) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00916449 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Conduct Problems in Childhood and Psychosocial Outcomes in Young Adulthood
Fergusson, D. M., & Lynskey, M. T. (1998) · Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/106342669800600101 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Miech, R. A., Essex, M. J., & Goldsmith, H. H. (2001) · Sociology of Education · doi:10.2307/2673165 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Reich, W., & Earls, F. J. (1987) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00917244 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Socioeconomic Status and Mental Health
Yu, Y., & Williams, D. R. (1999) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/0-387-36223-1_8 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Connections between Childhood and Adulthood
McLeod, J. D., & Almazan, E. P. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-306-48247-2_18 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationSex Roles and Societal Reactions to Mental Illness: The Labeling of "Deviant" Deviance
Rosenfield, S. (1982) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136386 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
On the Relation between Social–Emotional and School Functioning During Early Adolescence
Roeser, R. W., van der Wolf, K., & Strobel, K. R. (2001) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-4405(01)00060-7 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Parent and adolescent expectancies: Individual and relational significance
Collins, W. A., & Luebker, C. (1994) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cd.23219946607 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Social Stratification and Inequality
McLeod, J., & Nonnemaker, J. (1999) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5_12 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationA Formal Theory of Selection for Schizophrenia
Eaton, W. W. (1980) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/227207 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Developmental psychology in the context of other behavioral sciences.
Hinde, R. A. (1992) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.28.6.1018 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Beliefs about parenting: Origins and developmental implications.
Smetana, J. G. (1994) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Maughan, B., & Rutter, M. L. (2000) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511543852.019 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Ehrensaft, M. K., Wasserman, G. A., Verdeli, L., Greenwald, S., Miller, L. S., & Davies, M. (2003) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1023/a:1021302024583 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Fredman, L., Weissman, M. M., Leaf, P. J., & BRUCE, M. L. (1988) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(88)90077-8 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Wheaton, B. (2001) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/3090212 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Social Factors in Psychiatric Outcome: Toward the Resolution of Interpretive Controversies
Turner, R. J., & Gartrell, J. W. (1978) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2094496 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Pathways of Problem Behaviors from Childhood to Adolescence
Verhulst, F. C., Eussen, M. L. J. M., BERDEN, G. F. M. G., Sanders‐Woudstra, J. A. R., & van der Ende, J. (1993) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199303000-00021 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The labeling theory of mental disorder (II): The consequences of labeling.
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (1999) · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Gregory, M. K. (1977) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-4405(77)90055-3 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
The Effects of Poverty on Women
Lalthapersad-Pillay, P. (2002) · Africa Insight · doi:10.4314/ai.v32i1.22297 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Gendered Perceptions of Dependency in Discussions of Mental Illness
Artis, J. E. (1997) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2955433 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Epidemiology of Depression Across Cultures
Kessler, R. C., & Bromet, E. J. (2013) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114409 · Cited by 2,657 · see citing works
Socioeconomic status, family processes, and individual development
Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., & Martin, M. J. (2010) · Journal of Marriage and Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2010.00725.x · Cited by 2,185 · see citing works
An interactionist perspective on the socioeconomic context of human development
Conger, R. D., & Donnellan, M. B. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085551 · Cited by 1,935 · see citing works
Stress, Health, and the Life Course: Some Conceptual Perspectives
Pearlin, L. I., Schieman, S., Fazio, E. M., & Meersman, S. C. (2005) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650504600206 · Cited by 1,544 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C. (2012) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2011.11.005 · Cited by 871 · see citing works
Mental disorders and subsequent educational attainment in a US national sample
Breslau, J., Lane, M., Sampson, N., & Kessler, R. C. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.01.016 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Social Structure, Adversity, Toxic Stress, and Intergenerational Poverty: An Early Childhood Model
McEwen, C. A., & McEwen, B. S. (2017) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-060116-053252 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
A review of the academic and psychological impact of the transition to secondary education
Evans, D., Borriello, G. A., & Field, A. P. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01482 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Bridging the gap between research and practice: Predicting what will work locally
Joyce, K. E., & Cartwright, N. (2020) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831219866687 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Martin, M. J., Conger, R. D., Schofield, T. J., Dogan, S. J., Widaman, K. F., Donnellan, M. B., & Neppl, T. K. (2010) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579410000374 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
The negative impacts of starting middle school in sixth grade
Cook, P. J., MacCoun, R., Muschkin, C., & Vigdor, J. (2008) · Journal of Policy Analysis and Management · doi:10.1002/pam.20309 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Keilow, M., Holm, A., & Fallesen, P. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0207905 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Zając, T., Perales, F., Tomaszewski, W., Xiang, N., & Zubrick, S. R. (2024) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-023-01009-9 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Subsequent Higher Education After Adolescent Depression: A 15-Year Follow-Up Register Study
Jonsson, U., Bohman, H., Hjern, A., von Knorring, L., Olsson, G., & von Knorring, A.-L. (2010) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.01.016 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Shifrer, D. (2016) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2015.12.001 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Breslau, N., Breslau, J., Peterson, E., Miller, E., Lucia, V. C., Bohnert, K., & Nigg, J. (2010) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709005960 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Sigal, A. B., Wolchik, S. A., Tein, J.-Y., & Sandler, I. N. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.651992 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Jonsson, U., Goodman, A., von Knorring, A.-L., von Knorring, L., & Koupil, I. (2012) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-012-0476-y · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Beyond Three Faces: Toward an Integrated Social Psychology of Inequality
McLeod, J. D., Hallett, T., & Lively, K. J. (2015) · Advances in Group Processes · doi:10.1108/s0882-614520150000032001 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationBorgen, N. T., Raaum, O., Kirkebøen, L. J., Sørlie, M.-A., Ogden, T., & Frønes, I. (2021) · Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness · doi:10.1080/19345747.2020.1862375 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- McLeod, J. D., & Kaiser, K.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- ORCID
- McLeod, Jane D.
- Venue
- American Sociological Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-10
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 636-658
- ISSN
- 0003-1224 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-8271
- OpenAlex
- W1971276622
- Cited by
- 437
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 14.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Sociological Review (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
- Social Sciences › Education › Early Childhood Education and Development
- Keywords
- educational attainment, high school graduation, college enrollment, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, school failure, social selection, socioeconomic disparities, person-environment interaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
