Differences Between Tight and Loose Cultures: A 33-Nation Study
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The differences across cultures in the enforcement of conformity may reflect their specific histories.
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“We have further added the tightness scores [24] as an independent variables for 20 countries.”
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- Authors
- Gelfand, M. J., Raver, J. L., Nishii, L., Leslie, L. M., Lun, J., Lim, B. C., Duan, L., Almaliach, A., Ang, S., Arnadottir, J., Aycan, Z., Boehnke, K., Boski, P., Cabecinhas, R., Chan, D., Chhokar, J., D’Amato, A., Subirats Ferrer, M., Fischlmayr, I. C., Fischer, R., Fülöp, M., Georgas, J., Kashima, E. S., Kashima, Y., Kim, K., Lempereur, A., Marquez, P., Othman, R., Overlaet, B., Panagiotopoulou, P., Peltzer, K., Perez-Florizno, L. R., Ponomarenko, L., Realo, A., Schei, V., Schmitt, M., Smith, P. B., Soomro, N., Szabo, E., Taveesin, N., Toyama, M., Van de Vliert, E., Vohra, N., Ward, C., & Yamaguchi, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Queen's University (CA)
- Cornell University (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Ministry of Defence (SG)
- McKinsey & Company (United States) (US)
- BIP Institute of Psychology Ltd., Vita Towers, 11 Ben-Gurion Street, Bney-Brak 51260, Israel.
- Nanyang Technological University (SG)
- Kaplaskjolsvegur 29, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland.
- Koç University (TR)
- Constructor University (DE)
- Warsaw School of Social Sciences and Humanities, 03-815 Warsaw, Poland.
- University of Minho (PT)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad (IN)
- Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PE)
- Social Psychology Department, University of Valencia, Avenida Blasco Ibáñez, 21, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
- Johannes Kepler University of Linz (AT)
- Victoria University of Wellington (NZ)
- Institute for Psychology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Victor Hugo Street 18-22, Budapest 1132, Hungary.
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- La Trobe University (AU)
- Psychological Sciences University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
- Sungkyunkwan University (KR)
- École Supérieure des Sciences Économiques et Commerciales (FR)
- University of San Diego (US)
- 21 Jalan 5C/6, 43650 B B Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
- KU Leuven (BE)
- University of Patras (GR)
- Human Sciences Research Council (ZA)
- Investigadora Colegio de la Fontera Norte, Km 18.5 carretera escénica Tijuana - Ensenada, San Antonio del Mar, Tijuana, Baja California C.P. 22560, México.
- Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University (UA)
- University of Tartu (EE)
- Norwegian School of Economics (NO)
- University of Koblenz and Landau (DE)
- University of Sussex (GB)
- University of Sindh (PK)
- 33 Soonvijai 4, Bangkok 10310, Thailand.
- Gakushuin University (JP)
- University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, Netherlands.
- The University of Tokyo (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Gelfand, Michele J.
- Chan, Darius
- ORCID
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2011-05-27
- Volume
- 332
- Issue
- 6033
- Pages
- 1100-1104
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2161411308
- Cited by
- 3,252
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 313 · 2025: 347 · 2024: 333 · 2023: 334 · 2022: 332 · 2021: 306 · 2020: 381 · 2019: 172 · 2018: 156 · 2017: 138 · 2016: 95 · 2015: 113 · 2014: 81 · 2013: 89 · 2012: 46
- FWCI
- 99.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eCommons (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (9910760)
- Army Research Office (W911NF-08-1-0144)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Cultural Differences and Values
- Social Sciences › Demography › Culture, Economy, and Development Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- tightness-looseness, cultural tightness, social norms, cross-cultural comparison, ecological threats, resource constraints, territorial disputes, authoritarian regimes, media regulation, need for structure, cultural change, intercultural understanding
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Behavior, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Cultural Characteristics, Female, Government, Humans, Male, Permissiveness, Political Systems, Population Density, Social Behavior, Social Conformity, Social Control, Formal, Social Values, Young Adult
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