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Cited by 42Global Healthcare and Medical TourismDiverse Aspects of Tourism ResearchRecreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management

Perceived Destination Restorative Qualities in Wellness Tourism: The Role of Ontological Security and Psychological Resilience

Liu, Biqiang, Kralj, Anna, Moyle, Brent, He, Mang, Li, Yaoqi·2025·Journal of Travel Research
DOI 10.1177/00472875241230019
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Abstract

Scholarship on wellness tourism has experienced exponential growth. Despite this, limited studies have explicitly examined how the perceived destination restorative qualities of a wellness tourism destination facilitate psychological recovery. Findings from a survey with 942 Chinese wellness tourists revealed perceived destination restorative qualities positively influenced psychological recovery, increasing ontological security, with the effect diminishing as individual resilience increased.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This study uses conservation of resources theory to test how perceived restorative qualities of a Chinese wellness destination relate to psychological recovery, with ontological security as a mediator and psychological resilience as a moderator. Surveying 942 wellness tourists in Shizhu county, it finds the restorative dimensions positively predict restoration outcomes and ontological security, while the restorative-quality effect on ontological security weakens at higher resilience.

Key findings

  • All six perceived destination restorative quality dimensions were positively associated with restoration outcome: compatibility (β = .64), extent (β = .54), mentally-away (β = .87), physically-away (β = .38), fascination (β = .44), and reversed discord (β = .61), all significant.
  • Ontological security mediated the links between each restorative dimension and restoration outcome, with indirect effects ranging from β = .16 for physically-away (95% CI [0.06, 0.21]) to β = .29 for extent (95% CI [0.16, 0.38]).
  • Psychological resilience moderated the path from perceived destination restorative qualities to ontological security: the interaction was β = −.35 (p < .001); the positive effect was β = .52 (p < .001) in the low-resilience group and weakened to β = .24 (p < .05) in the high-resilience group.
  • Among the six dimensions, discord had the highest mean (M = 5.43), followed by mentally-away (M = 5.24), compatibility (M = 5.18), fascination (M = 5.01), extent (M = 4.98), and physically-away (M = 4.22).

Methods

  • A questionnaire survey was conducted in July 2021 with wellness tourists at popular wellness resorts in Shizhu county, Chongqing, China; 1,029 questionnaires were distributed and 942 valid cases were retained after eligibility screening.
  • Measures used previously validated scales: six perceived destination restorative quality dimensions, seven ontological security items, six restoration outcome items, and four psychological resilience items, all on seven-point Likert scales.
  • Data were analyzed with confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling, and latent moderated structural equations with bootstrapping (1,000 samples); reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, normality, and common method bias were also checked.

Limitations

  • Stated: the authors note limited representativeness due to sample diversity and call for testing in other countries; they also note the study occurred during the COVID-19 pandemic and recommend examining during-versus-post-pandemic differences.
  • Stated: restoration outcomes were measured by self-report, which may introduce subjective bias; future work is encouraged to add physiological indicators such as blood pressure and pulse rate.
  • Evident from the design: the cross-sectional, single-destination survey cannot establish causal ordering or long-term recovery, and the abstract itself calls for longitudinal research on wellness tourists’ psychological recovery.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1177/00472875241230019

Cites

83 of 83 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

3 of 42 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    According to conservation of resources theory, psychological resilience is considered a key internal resource foundation for facilitating a quick recovery despite stress and pressure.

    “According to conservation of resources theory, psychological resilience is considered a key internal resource foundation for facilitating a quick recovery despite stress and pressure (Mao et al., 2021).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mao et al., 2021 source
  • Findingown data

    Perceived destination restorative qualities increased ontological security among Chinese wellness tourists.

    “Findings from a survey with 942 Chinese wellness tourists revealed perceived destination restorative qualities positively influenced psychological recovery, increasing ontological security, with the effect diminishing as individual resilience increased.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The positive effect of perceived destination restorative qualities on ontological security diminishes as psychological resilience increases.

    “Findings from a survey with 942 Chinese wellness tourists revealed perceived destination restorative qualities positively influenced psychological recovery, increasing ontological security, with the effect diminishing as individual resilience increased.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · hedged
      “This indicates the positive effect of perceived destination restorative qualities on ontological security diminishes as psychological resilience increases.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Perceived destination restorative qualities positively influenced psychological recovery among Chinese wellness tourists.

    “Findings from a survey with 942 Chinese wellness tourists revealed perceived destination restorative qualities positively influenced psychological recovery, increasing ontological security, with the effect diminishing as individual resilience increased.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Fascination (M = 5.01) and extent (M = 4.98) were roughly at the same level.

    “Fascination (M = 5.01) and extent (M = 4.98) were roughly at the same level”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 24
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 23
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prior research on wellness tourism is predominantly focused on the outcomes of wellness tourism experiences, with little attention paid to its antecedents.

    “Prior research on wellness tourism is predominantly focused on the outcomes of wellness tourism experiences (He, Liu, & Li, 2022, 2023;Majeed & Ramkissoon, 2020;Voigt et al., 2011), with little attention paid to its antecedents (Y.Yang & Chen, 2021).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites He, Liu, & Li, 2022, 2023

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Majeed & Ramkissoon, 2020 source

      The Introduction describes earlier research on the health and well-being benefits of wellness travel, but it does not establish that outcomes were the predominant focus of prior research. The sentence cites Yang and Chen, not this paper, for the separate point about limited attention to antecedents. (LLM, conf=0.74)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Voigt et al., 2011 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    In terms of conservation of resources, psychological resilience is a significant internal resource foundation for facilitating a quick recovery despite stress and pressure.

    “In terms of conservation of resources, psychological resilience is a significant internal resource foundation for facilitating a quick recovery despite stress and pressure (Mao et al., 2021).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mao et al., 2021 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The sample exhibited a strong emphasis on wellness-related factors, with a mean health goal salience score of 5.74.

    “Participants were also requested to evaluate the salience of their health goals (with a mean score of 5.74), as measured using two items from He, Liu, and Li's (2022) study, suggesting that the sample exhibited a strong emphasis on wellness-related factors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites He, Liu, and Li's (2022)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The average duration of wellness trips was 3.7 nights, and the sample had visited Shizhu approximately 2.3 times prior to the survey.

    “On average, the duration of wellness trips was 3.7 nights, and the sample had visited Shizhu approximately 2.3 times prior this survey.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The mentally-away dimension yielded the second-highest score (M = 5.24), followed by compatibility (M = 5.18).

    “The mentally-away dimension (M = 5.24) yielded the second-highest score, followed by compatibility (M = 5.18)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Discord has a positive effect on ontological security (path coefficient = 0.28, p < .01).

    “Discord→ontological security | 0.28** | 0.83 |”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Tourists with higher psychological resilience are better equipped to handle mental stress, potentially reducing the strength of the positive relationship between perceived destination restorative qualities and ontological security compared to those with lower psychological resilience.

    “For these reasons, this research suggests that tourists with higher psychological resilience are better equipped to handle mental stress, potentially reducing the strength of the positive relationship between perceived destination restorative qualities and ontological security when compared to those with lower psychological resilience.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Psychological resilience can lessen the negative psycho-social outcomes of earthquakes (e.g., depression and anxiety) on individuals and boost life satisfaction.

    “Prayag et al.'s (2020) study has demonstrated that psychological resilience can lessen the negative psycho-social outcomes of earthquakes (e.g., depression and anxiety) on individuals and concomitantly boost life satisfaction.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Prayag et al.'s (2020) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Shizhu county is acknowledged as one of the most renowned wellness tourism destinations in China.

    “Shizhu county is acknowledged as one of the most renowned wellness tourism destinations in China (He, Liu, & Li, 2022).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites He, Liu, & Li, 2022

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    75% of the area of Shizhu county is located between 800 and 1,900 m above sea level, leading to an average annual temperature of 16.5°C, which is optimal for human habitation.

    “According to the local government's annual report (2021), 75% of the area of Shizhu county is located between 800 and 1,900 m above sea level, leading to an average annual temperature of 16.5°C, which is optimal for human habitation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites local government's annual report (2021)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Premisereasoning

    There is a critical gap in research regarding whether and how the environmental restoration qualities of a wellness destination can effectively contribute to subsequent restoration outcomes.

    “Connected to this, there is a critical gap in research regarding whether and how the environmental restoration qualities of a wellness destination can effectively contribute to subsequent restoration outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Wellness acts as a pillar industry in Shizhu county, as demonstrated by local industry added value of the wellness economy reaching 50.2% of GDP.

    “Economically, wellness acts as a pillar industry in Shizhu county as demonstrated by local industry added value of the wellness economy reached 50.2% of GDP (Government Work Report of Shizhu County, 2021).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Government Work Report of Shizhu County, 2021

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A high level of psychological resilience can contribute to a tourist's positive psychological resource conservation and reduce resource loss, thereby improving positive behavior and attitudes while reducing negative ones.

    “In addition, a high level of psychological resilience can contribute to a tourist's positive psychological resource conservation and reduce resource loss, thereby improving positive behavior and attitudes while reducing negative ones (Abbas et al., 2014;Chowdhury et al., 2019;Prayag et al., 2023).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Abbas et al., 2014

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Chowdhury et al., 2019 source
    • cites Prayag et al., 2023

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Perceived destination restorative qualities can reestablish an individual's sense of ontological security as a critical psychological resource, leading to desirable restoration outcomes.

    “Following this rationale, perceived destination restorative qualities can reestablish an individual's sense of ontological security as a critical psychological resource, thus leading to a desirable restoration outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Shizhu county has gained the reputation as one of the best alpine ecological leisure areas in China, with natural landscapes suitable for leisure, vacation, sports, fitness and health care.

    “Shizhu county has gained the reputation as one of the best alpine ecological leisure areas in China, with forests, grasslands, streams, lakes, Karst caves, canyons, and other natural landscapes being suitable for leisure, vacation, sports, fitness and health care (Liu, Li, et al., 2022).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Liu, Li, et al., 2022

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Shizhu county is listed as one of the top 60 counties with sustainable development capacity in China's wellness industry in 2020 and one of the most representative health-longevity counties in China.

    “For example, Shizhu county is listed as”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites He et al., 2023

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    A valid sample of 942 cases was achieved from the initially distributed set of 1,029 participants.

    “A valid sample of 942 cases was achieved from the initially distributed set of 1,029 participants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Conceptual understanding of perceived destination restorative qualities is relatively underdeveloped in travel and tourism settings.

    “In spite of the recent growth of research related to perceived destination restorative qualities and wellness tourism, conceptual understanding of perceived destination restorative qualities is relatively underdeveloped in travel and tourism settings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The relationship between perceived destination restorative qualities and restoration outcomes is related to perceived restorative effects on wellness tourists, which can lead to positive restoration outcomes such as recovery from mental fatigue and improved overall self-health.

    “The relationship between perceived destination restorative qualities and restoration outcomes is related to perceived restorative effects on wellness tourists, which can lead to positive restoration outcomes such as recovery from mental fatigue and improved overall self-health (X.Y. Lehto, 2013;G. Wang et al., 2022).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites X.Y. Lehto, 2013 source
    • cites G. Wang et al., 2022 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study used previously validated scales to ensure the validity and reliability of measurement.

    “This study adopted previously validated scales to ensure the validity and reliability of measurement.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Premisecitation

    Psychological resilience denotes the ability of a person to bounce back following stressors or other adverse situations.

    “Its conceptualization has been extended to other scholarly inquiries such as psychology where the concept of”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Anasori et al., 2023 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Existing studies on perceived destination restorative qualities are predominantly conceptual and originate from the environmental behavior domain.

    “Existing studies are predominantly conceptual and originate from the environmental behavior domain, specifically focusing on the perceived environmental restorative quality (cf.G. Chen et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites G. Chen et al., 2017 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Threats to individuals' ontological security can lead to feelings of uncertainty, anxiety and stress, and threat-induced disruptions can potentially be addressed by wellness tourism.

    “Threats to individuals' ontological security can lead to feelings of uncertainty, anxiety and stress, and threat-induced disruptions can potentially be addressed by wellness tourism.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Conservation of resources theory posits that individuals are motivated to retain and protect existing resources, as well as to obtain and foster more resources in response to the threat of resource loss during negative events.

    “This theory posits that individuals are motivated to retain and protect existing resources, as well as to obtain and foster more resources in response to the threat of resource loss during negative events (Halbesleben et al., 2014;Hobfoll et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Halbesleben et al., 2014 source
    • cites Hobfoll et al., 2018 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The measurement demonstrated acceptable internal consistency and composite reliability.

    “The measurement's internal consistency was confirmed using a Cronbach's alpha cut-off of above .80for each factor (Nunnally, 1978), and a composite reliability value of above .70(Bagozzi & Yi, 1988).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Nunnally, 1978

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Bagozzi & Yi, 1988 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Destinations perceived to have high perceived destination restorative qualities are likely to provide a more therapeutic experience for wellness tourists, emphasizing the psychological resources that can be derived from interactions with wellness landscape.

    “As such, destinations that are perceived to have high perceived destination restorative qualities are likely to provide a more therapeutic experience for wellness tourists, emphasizing the psychological resources that can be derived from interactions with wellness landscape (Backman et al., 2023;X. Y. Lehto, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Backman et al., 2023 source
    • cites X. Y. Lehto, 2013 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Reverse-worded items of discord were used to reduce acquiescence bias.

    “To help reduce acquiescence bias, the reverse-worded items of discord were used for measurement.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    An individual's developed sense of ontological security is an important part of a personal characteristics resource, which is particularly valuable when the individual encounters stressful circumstances.

    “An individual's developed sense of ontological security is an important part of what is termed a”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Areni, 2019 source
    • cites Liu, Moyle, et al., 2022

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Traveling to a wellness destination and engaging with restorative stimuli has the potential to replenish psychological resources and protect against continued depletion of resources (i.e., ontological security), thereby increasing the resource stock utilized by individuals to manage their health and wellbeing.

    “Linking these ideas together, traveling to a wellness destination and engaging with restorative stimuli has the potential to replenish psychological resources and protect against the continued depletion of resources (i.e., ontological security), thereby increasing the resource stock utilized by individuals to manage their health and wellbeing.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The mounting pressure fueled in daily life is a stressor that can harm tourists' internal stock of resources.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Resilience theories are rapidly emerging as a new focus of tourism research endeavors in an effort to understand tourists' capabilities to cope with external or internal threat-induced disruptions.

    “Resilience theories are rapidly emerging as a new focus of tourism research endeavors in an effort to understand tourists' capabilities to cope with external or internal threatinduced disruptions (Guo et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Guo et al., 2018 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    All average variance extraction values were higher than 0.60, indicating convergent validity.

    “All values of average variance extraction (AVE) were higher than 0.60 indicating convergent validity (Fornell & Larcker, 1981).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Fornell & Larcker, 1981 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    There is a lack of in-depth investigation into how psychological resilience influences the effectiveness of perceived wellness destination restorative qualities in promoting restoration outcomes.

    “The recent remarkable growth of conceptually related research notwithstanding, there is a lack of indepth investigation into how psychological resilience influences the effectiveness of perceived wellness destination restorative qualities in promoting restoration outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ontological security is a positive psychological resource which people are motivated to maintain and protect.

    “Ontological security is a positive psychological resource which people are motivated to maintain and protect (Areni, 2019).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Areni, 2019 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The drive for ontological security, in part, urges tourists to reinforce psychological resources by experiencing the perceived destination restorative quality dimensions of compatibility, extent, mentally-away, physically-away, and fascination.

    “The drive for ontological security, in part, urges tourists to reinforce psychological resources by experiencing the perceived destination restorative quality dimensions of compatibility, extent, mentallyaway, physically-away, and fascination.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Perceived wellness destination restorative quality played an important part in assisting tourists to complement depleted resources in daily routine, and thus increased ontological security.

    “perceived wellness destination restorative quality played an important part in assisting tourists to complement the depleted resources in the flow of daily routine, and thus increased ontological security.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The representativeness of this research is limited due to sample diversity.

    “It is acknowledged that the representativeness of this research is limited due to sample diversity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    This research enriches conservation of resources theory by incorporating ontological security as a psychological resource and discussing how perceived destination restorative qualities mitigate daily pressure in wellness tourism.

    “This research enriches conservation of resources theory by incorporating ontological security as the psychological resource, adding emerging knowledge by discussing in detail how perceived destination restorative qualities mitigate daily pressure in the context of wellness tourism.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Restoration outcomes were assessed by self-report method, which could lead to subjective bias in the measurement.

    “Methodology-wise, restoration outcomes were assessed by self-report method, which could lead to subjective bias in the measurement.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Perceived destination restorative qualities is a multi-dimensional concept that has been relatively understudied in wellness travel settings due to being predominantly located in the field of environmental behavior.

    “Despite the growing interest related to perceived destination restorative qualities, this multi-dimensional concept has been relatively understudied in wellness travel settings due to being predominantly located in the field of environmental behavior (i.e., perceived environmental restorative quality) (G.Chen et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites G.Chen et al., 2017 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    This research validated the dimensions of perceived destination restorative qualities in a Chinese context, thus ensuring its measurement generalizability.

    “This research validated the dimensions of perceived destination restorative qualities in a Chinese context, thus ensured its measurement generalizability”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    This study pioneers an empirical analysis on the mediating role of ontological security, unveiling the mechanism explaining how perceived destination restorative qualities boost restorative experiences.

    “this study pioneers an empirical analysis on the mediating role of ontological security, unveiling the underlying mechanism explaining how perceived destination restorative qualities boost restorative experiences.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
41 of 41

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The mounting pressure fueled in daily life is a stressor that can harm tourists' internal stock of resources.

    “In response, in this paper we assume the mounting pressure fueled in daily life is a stressor that can harm tourists' internal stock of resources.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    What is threatening to people is the potential or actual loss of valued resources.

    “The theory assumes that”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Mounting pressure in regular life, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, has dramatically disrupted tourists' sense of ontological security.

    “The mounting pressure in the regular life, especially in the COVID-19 pandemic have dramatically disrupted tourists' sense of ontological security.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Shizhu county is renowned as one of China's premier wellness tourism destinations.

    “we selected Shizhu county as our research location, renowned as one of China's premier wellness tourism destinations”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    SHS is increasingly prevalent in modern society.

    “given the increasing prevalence of SHS in our modern society”
5 of 5

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Claimed moderation targets a different outcome from the tested interaction

    Minor

    The paper says it empirically demonstrated moderation of restoration outcomes, but its reported interaction test uses ontological security as the outcome. The stated test therefore does not establish the direct moderation claimed.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. Chen G., 2017, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 34, 1115
  2. Laing R. D., 1960, Les Etudes Philosophiques, 15, 405
  3. Li Y., 2021, Tourism Review, 76, 1260
  4. Liu B., 2023, Tourism Tribune, 38, 26
  5. Nunnally J. C., 1978, Psychometric theory

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Liu, B., Kralj, A., Moyle, B., He, M., & Li, Y.
Affiliations
  • Griffith University (AU)
  • Sun Yat-sen University (CN)
Corresponding author
He, Mang
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Travel Research
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2024-02-07
Volume
64
Issue
4
Pages
835-852
ISSN
  • 0047-2875 (ISSN-L)
  • 1552-6763
DOI
10.1177/00472875241230019
OpenAlex
W4391614877
Cited by
42
References
79
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 7
FWCI
24.62
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
Journal of Travel Research (publishedVersion)
Funders
National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 42371242)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Global Healthcare and Medical Tourism
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Recreation, Leisure, Wilderness Management
Keywords
wellness tourism, ontological security, psychological resilience, psychological recovery, stress reduction, Chinese tourists

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