A resource perspective on the work–home interface: the work–home resources model
Abstract
The objective of this article is to provide a theoretical framework explaining positive and negative work-home processes integrally. Using insights from conservation of resources theory, we explain how personal resources (e.g., time, energy, and mood) link demanding and resourceful aspects of one domain to outcomes in the other domain. The resulting work-home resources (W-HR) model describes work-home conflict as a process whereby demands in one domain deplete personal resources and impede accomplishments in the other domain. Enrichment is described as a process of resource accumulation: Work and home resources increase personal resources. Those personal resources, in turn, can be utilized to improve home and work outcomes. Moreover, our resource approach to the work-home interface allows us to address two other issues that have thus far lacked a solid theoretical foundation. The W-HR model also explains how conditional factors such as personality and culture may influence the occurrence of work-home conflict and enrichment. Furthermore, the model allows us to examine how work-home conflict and enrichment develop over time. Finally, the model provides useful insights for other psychology subdisciplines, such as gender studies and developmental psychology.
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Leisure and other nonwork activities, including physical exercise, recovery experiences, and mastery experiences, can raise a person's energy level, and this carries over to work.
“Empirical studies have shown that leisure and other nonwork activities, such as physical exercise, recovery experiences, and mastery experiences can elevate an individual's energy level (ten Brummelhuis and Bakker, 2012; ten Brummelhuis and Trougakos, 2014; see Sonnentag et al., 2017 for a review)”
From Work hard or play hard: the effect of leisure crafting on opportunity recognition and venture performance (2023) · cites this paper as ten Brummelhuis and Bakker, 2012
Actions in nonwork domains can create positive resource gains that transfer to and drive outcomes in the work domain.
“In fact, extant research holds that behaviors taken in nonwork domains can generate positive resource gains that can carry over to and drive outcomes in the work domain (Greenhaus and Brummelhuis, 2013;ten Brummelhuis and Bakker, 2012).”
From Work hard or play hard: the effect of leisure crafting on opportunity recognition and venture performance (2023) · cites this paper as ten Brummelhuis and Bakker, 2012
Off-job activities such as social, household, and physical activities lead to higher work engagement.
“For example, Ten Brummelhuis and Bakker (2012) demonstrated that off-job activities (e.g., social, household, and physical activities) led to higher levels of work engagement (Halbesleben et al., 2009;Schaufeli et al., 2002).”
From Work hard or play hard: the effect of leisure crafting on opportunity recognition and venture performance (2023) · cites this paper as Ten Brummelhuis and Bakker, 2012
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- Authors
- ten Brummelhuis, L. L., & Bakker, A. B.
- Affiliations
- Erasmus University Rotterdam (NL)
- ORCID
- Bakker, Arnold B.
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 2012-10
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 545-556
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- OpenAlex
- W1967692040
- Cited by
- 1,660
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 211 · 2025: 199 · 2024: 215 · 2023: 187 · 2022: 179 · 2021: 158 · 2020: 149 · 2019: 93 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 76 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 78.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Work-Family Balance Challenges
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Workaholism, burnout, and well-being
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
- Keywords
- work-home interface, work-home conflict, conservation of resources theory, personal resources, mood, personality, culture, developmental changes, gender
- MeSH terms
- Conflict, Psychological, Employment, Family, Humans, Models, Psychological, Social Support, Stress, Psychological, Time Factors
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