Cognitive behavioral therapy for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders
Open accessAbstract
Anxiety disorders are the most common class of psychiatric conditions among children and adolescents. The cognitive behavioral model of childhood anxiety has a strong theoretic and empirical foundation that provides the basis for effective treatment. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), with an emphasis on exposure therapy, is the gold standard treatment for childhood anxiety disorders, with strong empirical support. A case vignette demonstrating CBT for childhood anxiety disorders in practice, as well as recommendations for clinicians, are also provided.
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CBT has traditionally taken a disorder-specific approach and requires consistent effort and commitment from the client outside of therapy sessions.
“Other potential limita tions are that CBT has traditionally taken a disorder-specific approach and requires consistent effort and commitment from the client outside of therapy sessions (Stiede et al., 2023).”
From Process of change and efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescents: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. (2025) · cites this paper as Stiede et al., 2023
The efficacy of CBT, particularly its exposure techniques, behavioral activation, and cognitive restructuring components, has been well established.
“The efficacy of CBT, particularly its exposure techniques, behavioral acti vation, and cognitive restructuring components, has been well estab lished (Oud et al., 2019; Stiede et al., 2023).”
From Process of change and efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescents: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. (2025) · cites this paper as Stiede et al., 2023
CBT often includes exposure and behavioral activation techniques which share some principles with the six basic change processes of ACT.
“CBT often includes exposure and behavioral activation techniques (Stiede et al., 2023) which share some principles with the six basic change processes of ACT.”
From Process of change and efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescents: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. (2025) · cites this paper as Stiede et al., 2023
CBT has limitations for many adolescents.
“CBT has limitations for many adolescents (Stiede et al., 2023).”
From Process of change and efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for anxiety and depression symptoms in adolescents: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. (2025) · cites this paper as Stiede et al., 2023
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Choheili, S., Marashian, F. S., Safarzadeh, S., & Asgari, P. (2026) · Preventing School Failure Alternative Education for Children and Youth · doi:10.1080/1045988x.2026.2681181
“One key feature of social anxiety in adolescents is cognitive avoidance, a maladaptive coping strategy involving the suppression or evasion of unpleasant thoughts, feelings, and memories associated with social situations (Stiede et al. 2023).”
Zhang, Z., Fitzgerald, K. D., Chang, S., Monk, C. S., Phan, K. L., & Iturra-Mena, A. M. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-9682555/v1
“…including reductions in maladaptive thinking patterns, decreases in avoidance-related language, and increases in coping, reappraisal, and insight-oriented expressions over treatment 7,23,24 , consistent with evidence that language can index emotion regulation processes central to psychotherapy 25 .”
Özgül Fobi Tedavisinde Bilişsel Davranışçı Terapi: Sistematik Bir Derleme
Çolak, Y., & Karaaziz, M. (2026) · 19 Mayıs Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.52835/19maysbd.1923489
Liang, P., Yan, Y., Wen, X., & Liu, X. (2026) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.70222
(2026) · American Academy of PediatricsItasca, IL eBooks · doi:10.1542/9781610029223-ch2
(2026) · American Academy of PediatricsItasca, IL eBooks · doi:10.1542/9781610029223-ch10
- Authors
- Stiede, J. T., Trent, E. S., Viana, A. G., Guzick, A. G., Storch, E. A., & Hershfield, J.
- Affiliations
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- University of Houston (US)
- Sheppard and Enoch Pratt Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Stiede, Jordan T.
- Venue
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-07
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 543-558
- ISSN
- 1056-4993 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11177010
- OpenAlex
- W4322505374
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4
- FWCI
- 1.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 320 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Commons-TMC (Texas Medical Center) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P50HD103555)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- cognitive behavioral therapy, childhood anxiety disorders, adolescents, exposure therapy, anxiety treatment, clinical guidelines
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety Disorders, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Humans, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome
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