Recreational 3,4- methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA) or ecstasy and self-focused compassion: preliminary steps in the development of a therapeutic psychopharmacology of contemplative practices
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3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA) produces diverse pro-social effects. Cognitive training methods rooted in Eastern contemplative practices also produce these effects through the development of a compassionate mindset. Given this similarity, we propose that one potential mechanism of action of MDMA in psychotherapy is through enhancing effects on intrapersonal attitudes (i.e. pro-social attitudes towards the self). We provide a preliminary test of this idea. Recreational MDMA (ecstasy) users were tested on two occasions, having consumed or not consumed ecstasy. Self-critical and self-compassionate responses to self-threatening scenarios were assessed before (T1) and after (T2) ecstasy use (or non-use), and then after compassionate imagery (T3). Moderating roles of dispositional self-criticism and avoidant attachment were examined. Separately, compassionate imagery and ecstasy produced similar sociotropic effects, as well as increases in self-compassion and reductions in self-criticism. Higher attachment-related avoidance was associated with additive effects of compassionate imagery and ecstasy on self-compassion. Findings were in line with MDMA's neuropharmacological profile, its phenomenological effects and its proposed adjunctive use in psychotherapy. However, although conditions were balanced, the experiment was non-blind and MDMA dose/purity was not determined. Controlled studies with pharmaceutically pure MDMA are still needed to test these effects rigorously.
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Two experimental studies with ecstasy demonstrated that ecstasy increases feelings of self-compassion and reduces self-criticism.
“With respect to the former, two experimental studies with ecstasy (presumably containing MDMA in one study and tested to confirm MDMA in the other) demonstrated that ecstasy increases feelings of self-compassion and reduces self-criticism (108, 109).”
From MDMA-Assisted Therapy as a Means to Alter Affective, Cognitive, Behavioral, and Neurological Systems Underlying Social Dysfunction in Social Anxiety Disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [108]
MDMA-assisted therapy may facilitate recall of negative or threatening memories with greater self-compassion and less PTSD-related shame and anger.
“MDMA-assisted therapy may facilitate recall of negative or threatening memories with greater self-compassion27 and less PTSD-related shame and anger28.”
From MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study (2021) · cites this paper as [27]
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- Authors
- Kamboj, S. K., Kilford, E. J., Minchin, S., Moss, A., Lawn, W., Das, R. K., Falconer, C. J., Gilbert, P., Curran, H. V., & Freeman, T. P.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- University of Derby (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Kamboj, Sunjeev K
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Psychopharmacology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-05-18
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 961-970
- ISSN
- 0269-8811 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7285
- OpenAlex
- W1667002192
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3
- FWCI
- 3.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Journal of Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
- University of Derby Online Research Archive. (University of Derby) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Keywords
- MDMA, ecstasy, self-compassion, self-criticism, attachment avoidance, prosocial attitudes, contemplative practice, MDMA-assisted psychotherapy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Empathy, Female, Hallucinogens, Humans, Male, Psychopharmacology, Psychotherapy, N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
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