Neurobehavioural sequelae of social deprivation in rodents revisited: Modelling social adversity for developmental neuropsychiatric disorders
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The significance of investigating effects of deprivation of social experience in rodents is reviewed in the context of the review by Robbins et al. (1996) in the Journal of Psychopharmacology (10: 39-47). The early development of the paradigm by which rats were reared post-weaning in social isolation is described and compared with other early experience manipulations. The specification of the neural and behavioural phenotype of the isolate is brought up-to-date, focusing on changes in motivation and cognitive function, as well as on contrasting changes in the dopamine and serotonin systems, and in cortical (including hippocampal) structure and function. The relevance of the isolate for animal models of psychiatric disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia is reviewed, and it is considered that the paradigm best exemplifies a manipulation that can be applied to test effects of certain forms of social adversity during adolescence on brain development and behaviour.
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Isolation during adolescence results in cognitive flexibility deficits impairing reward learning, reversal learning, and attention shifting.
“Particularly, isolation during adolescence results in cognitive flexibility deficits that impair reward learning,47 reversal learning,48 and attention shifting.49”
From The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health (2020) · cites this paper as [47]
By depriving animals of play experiences that normally guide cortical development, post-weaning social isolation is conceptualized as a rodent model of adolescent adversity with long-lasting effects on neurobiology and behavior.
“By depriving animals of the play experiences that normally guide cortical development, post-weaning social isolation is conceptualized as a rodent model of adolescent adversity with long-lasting effects on neurobiology and behavior (Fone and Porkess, 2008; Lukkes et al., 2009; Robbins, 2016).”
From The effects of early life stress on reward processing (2018) · cites this paper as Robbins, 2016
Social isolation after weaning leads to cognitive flexibility deficits that disrupt reward learning.
“In line with the developmental sensitivity of the prefrontal cortex during adolescence, post-weaning social isolation results in deficits in cognitive flexibility that impair reward learning processes (Fone and Porkess, 2008; Robbins, 2016).”
From The effects of early life stress on reward processing (2018) · cites this paper as Robbins, 2016
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“Recent findings have indicated that isolation rearing of rat pups after weaning produces several behavioral and neurochemical changes in adulthood that are related to schizophrenia (Fone and Porkess 2008; Robbins 2016).”
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“It is worth noting that the rearing of rats in isolation causes both anxiety-like and depression-like symptoms [54,55].”
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“In rats, postnatal social isolation has often been used as a model for early-life adversity (Möller et al., 2012; Robbins, 2016).”
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“Социальная изоляция детенышей от матери и сверстников приводит также к таким поведенческим изменениям, как уменьшение престимульного стартл-рефлекса вздрагивания в ответ на звуковой сигнал [32], к увеличению уровня тревожности [27], агрессивности [20] и двигательной активности [15], нарушению процессов обучения и памя…”
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“periencing social deprivation fromweaning by being reared individually; allowed to see and smell others, but not physically contact them [11].”
The biology of consciousness from the bottom up
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“The species-specific niche nearly universally contains the basic elements, such as vitamins that we cannot synthesize (Drouin, Godin, & Pagé, 2011) or social life, the lack of which we cannot compensate on our own (Robbins, 2016), necessary for full development of a conscious brain.”
BackgroundAbdol, N., & Setorki, M. (2020) · Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal · doi:10.5812/ircmj.97593 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Fulford, A. J., & Keskes, S. (2019) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2019.05.002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kim, M., Netser, S., Wagner, S., & Harony‐Nicolas, H. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-95920-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
D’Costa, N. (2019) · UWSpace (University of Waterloo)
Early life adversities and social cognition in schizophrenia
Rokita, K. (2020) · ARAN (University of Galway Research Repository) (Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway) · doi:10.13025/17136
The developing adolescent brain: Implications for youth justice and children in criminal proceedings
Blakemore, S. (2026) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2026.101807
“Furthermore, isolation during adolescence alters cognitive processes, including reward learning (Robbins, 2016), reward seeking (Novick et al., 2018), reversal learning (Amitai et al., 2014) and attention shifting (Schrijver and Würbel, 2001).”
- Authors
- Robbins, T.
- Affiliations
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Venue
- Journal of Psychopharmacology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2016-09-28
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1082-1089
- ISSN
- 0269-8811 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7285
- OpenAlex
- W2524348813
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 0.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion)
- Apollo
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (093875/Z/10/Z, 093875)
- Medical Research Council (MR/J012084/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Keywords
- social isolation, social deprivation, early life experience, motivation, cognitive function, dopaminergic system, serotonergic system, hippocampus, cortical structure, animal models of psychiatric disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, adolescence, brain development
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Behavior, Animal, Mental Disorders, Cognition, Dopamine, Hippocampus, Humans, Motivation, Rodentia, Schizophrenia, Serotonin, Social Isolation
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