Probabilistic reversal learning impairments in schizophrenia: Further evidence of orbitofrontal dysfunction
Open accessAbstract
Impairments in feedback processing and reinforcement learning appear to be prominent aspects of schizophrenia (SZ), which may relate to symptoms of the disorder. Evidence from cognitive neuroscience investigations indicates that disparate brain systems may underlie different kinds of feedback-driven learning. The ability to rapidly shift response tendencies in the face of negative feedback, when reinforcement contingencies are reversed, is an important type of learning thought to depend on ventral prefrontal cortex (PFC). Schizophrenia has long been associated with dysfunction in dorsolateral areas of PFC, but evidence for ventral PFC impairment in more mixed. In order to assess whether SZ patients experience particular difficulty in carrying out a cognitive function commonly linked to ventral PFC function, we administered to 34 patients and 26 controls a modified version of an established probabilistic reversal learning task from the experimental literature [Cools, R., Clark, L., Owen, A.M., Robbins, T.W., 2002. Defining the neural mechanisms of probabilistic reversal learning using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging. J. Neurosci. 22, 4563-4567]. Although SZ patients and controls performed similarly on the initial acquisition of probabilistic contingencies, patients showed substantial learning impairments when reinforcement contingencies were reversed, achieving significantly fewer reversals [chi(2)(6)=15.717, p=0.008]. Even when analyses were limited to subjects who acquired all probabilistic contingencies initially (22 patients and 20 controls), patients achieved significantly fewer reversals [chi(2)(3)=9.408, p=0.024]. These results support the idea that ventral PFC dysfunction is a prevalent aspect of schizophrenic pathophysiology, which may contribute to deficits in reinforcement learning exhibited by patients. Further studies are required to investigate the roles of dopaminergic systems in these impairments.
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Behavioral studies report that sensitivity to reward is intact in schizophrenia, but deficits are evident in rapid reward learning on trial-to-trial feedback, such as reversal learning, and in reward-related decision-making.
“Behavioral studies of reward learning have reported that sensitivity to reward is intact in schizophrenia, but deficits are evident in rapid reward learning on the basis of trial-to-trial feedback, such as reversal learning, and in reward-related decision-making [406,409-413].”
From Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings (2012) · cites this paper as [413]
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- Authors
- Waltz, J. A., & Gold, J. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- Corresponding author
- Waltz, James A.
- Venue
- Schizophrenia Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2007-07
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 1-3
- Pages
- 296-303
- ISSN
- 0920-9964 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2063592
- OpenAlex
- W2010547854
- Cited by
- 331
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 35 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 10.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Schizophrenia Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5p30mh068580-03, 5k12rr023250-05, 5r01mh080066-10)
- National Institute of Mental Health (P30 MH-068580, R01-MH080066, R24MH072647)
- National Center for Research Resources (K12-RR023250)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, probabilistic reversal learning
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Basal Ganglia, Brain Mapping, Discrimination Learning, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Probability Learning, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychomotor Performance, Reversal Learning, Reward, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Prefrontal Cortex, Feedback, Psychological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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