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Acetaminophen Reduces Social Pain: Behavioral and Neural Evidence
Abstract
Pain, whether caused by physical injury or social rejection, is an inevitable part of life. These two types of pain-physical and social-may rely on some of the same behavioral and neural mechanisms that register pain-related affect. To the extent that these pain processes overlap, acetaminophen, a physical pain suppressant that acts through central (rather than peripheral) neural mechanisms, may also reduce behavioral and neural responses to social rejection. In two experiments, participants took acetaminophen or placebo daily for 3 weeks. Doses of acetaminophen reduced reports of social pain on a daily basis (Experiment 1). We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure participants' brain activity (Experiment 2), and found that acetaminophen reduced neural responses to social rejection in brain regions previously associated with distress caused by social pain and the affective component of physical pain (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula). Thus, acetaminophen reduces behavioral and neural responses associated with the pain of social rejection, demonstrating substantial overlap between social and physical pain.
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“healthy young adults who were randomly assigned to take acetaminophen twice a day for 3 weeks exhibited significantly fewer hurt feelings on a daily basis and less neural sensitivity to a laboratory-based episode of social rejection (i.e., Cyberball) compared to their counterparts in the placebo condition”
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Riva, P., Brambilla, M., & Vaes, J. (2015) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12114 · Cited by 55
“Another important type of pain that is currently attracting research attention is social pain, that is the pain caused by the threatened or actual loss of social connections (Eisenberger, 2010).”
The push of social pain: Does rejection’s sting motivate subsequent social reconnection?
Chester, D. S., DeWall, C. N., & Pond, R. S. (2016) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-016-0412-9 · Cited by 69
Self-citationCan Marijuana Reduce Social Pain?
Deckman, T., DeWall, C., Way, B. M., Gilman, R., & Richman, S. B. (2014) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550613488949 · Cited by 39
“DeWall et al. (2010) found that giving participants acetaminophen, a physical pain suppressant, reduced the amount of daily social pain they experienced.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationSchneider, P., Hannusch, C., Schmahl, C., Bohus, M., Spanagel, R., & Schneider, M. (2014) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.04.004 · Cited by 39
“Experimental social rejection has also been shown to acutely alter nociception in humans (Bernstein and Claypool, 2012), with severe exclusion scenarios inducing hypoalgesia (Bernstein and Claypool, 2012; DeWall et al., 2010) but less severe scenarios resulting in hyperalgesia (Bernstein and Claypool, 2012).”
BackgroundA Penny for Your Pain? The Financial Compensation of Social Pain After Exclusion
Lelieveld, G., Moor, B. G., Crone, E. A., Karremans, J. C., & van Beest, I. (2012) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550612446661 · Cited by 40
“Only a few factors have been shown to mitigate the distress caused by social exclusion, such as the physical pain reliever acetaminophen (DeWall et al., 2010), secure attachment partners (Karremans, Heslenfeld, Van Dillen, & Van Lange, in press), and a (symbolic) threat to survival (Van Beest, Williams, & Van Dijk, 20…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGlowacki, L. (2022) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x22002862 · Cited by 62
Anxiety‐ and activity‐related effects of paracetamol on healthy and neuropathic rats
Chen, Z., Wei, H., Pertovaara, A., Wang, J., & Carlson, S. (2017) · Pharmacology Research & Perspectives · doi:10.1002/prp2.367 · Cited by 44
“Treatment had a significant effect on the time the groups spent in the light box (F(2,15) = 4.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe devil wears P rada: Advertisements of luxury brands evoke feelings of social exclusion
Jiang, M., Gao, D., Huang, R., DeWall, C. N., & Zhou, X. (2014) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/ajsp.12069 · Cited by 32
Self-citationVulnerabilities in social anxiety: Integrating intra- and interpersonal perspectives
Ginat-Frolich, R., Gilboa-Schechtman, E., Huppert, J. D., Aderka, I. M., Alden, L. E., Bar-Haim, Y., Becker, E. S., Bernstein, A., Geva, R., Heimberg, R. G., et al. (2024) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2024.102415 · Cited by 36
Rudolph, K. D., Davis, M. M., Modi, H. H., Fowler, C. H., Kim, Y., & Telzer, E. H. (2018) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12458 · Cited by 47
“Social pain theory proposes that threats to one’s sense of social connectedness, such as exposure to social exclusion, induce neural activation in regions of the brain involved in affective responses to physical pain (DeWall et al., 2010; Eisenberger, 2012; Lieberman & Eisenberger, 2006).”
BackgroundIs There Such a Thing as Psychological Pain? and Why It Matters
Biro, D. E. (2010) · Culture Medicine and Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s11013-010-9190-y · Cited by 52
“This same novel way of thinking led DeWall et al. (2010) to administer physical pain medication (acetaminophen) to people suffering from psychological hurt, and not unsurprisingly, it seemed to work.”
BackgroundCan acetaminophen reduce the pain of decision-making?
DeWall, C. N., Chester, D. S., & White, D. S. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.09.006 · Cited by 37
“These effects were unique to a rejected task, which is consistent with previous evidence that acetaminophen reduces the impact of negatively valenced outcomes but not does influence positively valenced outcomes (DeWall et al., 2010; Randles et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethodResultSelf-citationMaternal Biomarkers of Acetaminophen Use and Offspring Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Ji, Y.-L., Riley, A., Lee, L.-C., Hong, X., Wang, G.-Y., Tsai, H.-J., Mueller, N., Pearson, C., Thermitus, J., Panjwani, A., et al. (2018) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci8070127 · Cited by 35
Dong, T. S., Gee, G. C., Beltrán‐Sánchez, H., Wang, M. D., Osadchiy, V., Kilpatrick, L. A., Chen, Z., Subramanyam, V., Zhang, Y., Guo, Y., et al. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2022.10.011 · Cited by 38
“The anterior insula, together with the SMN, has been implicated in social pain and, as a result, in physical pain due to distress associated with exclusion (83–85).”
Adolescent social rejection alters pain processing in a CB1 receptor dependent manner
Schneider, P., Pätz, M., Spanagel, R., & Schneider, M. (2016) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.04.007 · Cited by 38
Jonassen, R., Hilland, E., Harmer, C. J., Abebe, D., Bergem, A. K., & Skarstein, S. O. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-12054-3 · Cited by 42
Intimacy, Loneliness & Infidelity
Rokach, A., & Philibert-Lignières, G. (2015) · The Open Psychology Journal · doi:10.2174/1874350101508010071 · Cited by 36
“When their belongingness is threatened and when their feelings of alienation intensify, people may either work hard to regain their partner’s regard, or start looking somewhere else [33].”
BackgroundEvolutionary Perspective on Social Anxiety
Gilboa‐Schechtman, E., Shachar‐Lavie, I., & Helpman, L. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394427-6.00021-2 · Cited by 38
Pfundmair, M., Aydin, N., Frey, D., & Echterhoff, G. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.07.016 · Cited by 31
Büttner, C. M., Jauch, M., Marinucci, M., Williams, K. D., Greifeneder, R., Riva, P., & Rudert, S. C. (2023) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/13684302221140002 · Cited by 39
Sex and Death: Gender Differences in Aggression and Motivations for Violence
McDermott, R. (2015) · International Organization · doi:10.1017/s0020818315000065 · Cited by 31
“DeWall et al. 2010.”
Frumkin, M. R., Robinaugh, D. J., LeBlanc, N. J., Ahmad, Z. N., Bui, É., Nock, M. K., Simon, N. M., & McNally, R. J. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23024 · Cited by 40
“…that relieve physical pain, such as acetaminophen, marijuana, and opioids, also appear to reduce pain affect associated with loneliness, social rejection, and separation distress (Deckman, DeWall, Way, Gilman, & Richman, 2014; DeWall et al., 2010; Panksepp, Herman, Conner, Bishop, & Scott, 1978).”
BackgroundWesselmann, E. D., Williams, K. D., Ren, D., & Hales, A. H. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118427378.ch13 · Cited by 12
Paracetamol—The outcome on neurotransmission and spatial learning in rats
Blecharz‐Klin, K., Piechal, A., Pyrzanowska, J., Joniec‐Maciejak, I., Kiliszek, P., & Widy‐Tyszkiewicz, E. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.07.008 · Cited by 31
Öktem, E. Ö., & Çankaya, Ş. (2021) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.95276 · Cited by 7
“The studies with paracetamol show that it might decrease psychological reactivity and alter the pain empathy in healthy human subjects [35, 36].”
BackgroundTroisi, J. D., & Wright, J. W. C. (2016) · Teaching of Psychology · doi:10.1177/0098628316679972 · Cited by 20
“This is why social exclusion is associated with interpersonal coldness (Williams & Bargh, 2008), the experience of rejection actually makes one feel physically cold (Zhong & Leonardelli, 2008), and acetaminophen can alleviate feelings of rejection (DeWall et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMonetary reward suppresses anterior insula activity during social pain
Cristofori, I., Harquel, S., Isnard, J., Mauguı̀ere, F., & Sirigu, A. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv054 · Cited by 31
“Recent studies have found that acetaminophen (Dewall et al., 2010), a common physical pain reliever, and secure attachment partners (Karremans et al.”
BackgroundExploring the Links Between Social Exclusion and Substance Use, Misuse, and Addiction
Wesselmann, E., & Parris, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.674743 · Cited by 28
“First, researchers demonstrated that participants who ingested acetaminophen (compared to a placebo group) showed reduced reactivity to a social exclusionmanipulation (DeWall et al., 2010).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- DeWall, C. N., MacDonald, G., Webster, G. D., Masten, C. L., Baumeister, R. F., Powell, C., Combs, D., Schurtz, D. R., Stillman, T. F., Tice, D. M., & Eisenberger, N. I.
- Affiliations
- University of Kentucky (US)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- University of Florida (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Florida State University (US)
- Georgia College & State University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2010-06-14
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 931-937
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- OpenAlex
- W2114477072
- Cited by
- 486
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 51 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 25 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 35.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-65999)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- paracetamol, social pain, social rejection, bodily pain, analgesia, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, anterior insula, placebo, affective pain
- MeSH terms
- Acetaminophen, Brain, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Pain, Reference Values, Rejection, Psychology, Social Behavior, Social Desirability, Stress, Psychological, Students, Analgesics, Non-Narcotic
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