Emotional foundations of cognitive control
Open accessAbstract
Often seen as the paragon of higher cognition, here we suggest that cognitive control is dependent on emotion. Rather than asking whether control is influenced by emotion, we ask whether control itself can be understood as an emotional process. Reviewing converging evidence from cybernetics, animal research, cognitive neuroscience, and social and personality psychology, we suggest that cognitive control is initiated when goal conflicts evoke phasic changes to emotional primitives that both focus attention on the presence of goal conflicts and energize conflict resolution to support goal-directed behavior. Critically, we propose that emotion is not an inert byproduct of conflict but is instrumental in recruiting control. Appreciating the emotional foundations of control leads to testable predictions that can spur future research.
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Feelings in the form of subjectively felt valence are the most basic constitutive phenomenal states, they pervade all of experience, guiding the organism to fitness-promoting states.
“On this view, feelings in the form of subjectively felt valence are the most basic constitutive phenomenal states, they pervade all of experience, guiding the organism to fitness-promoting states (Inzlicht et al. 2015; Kolodny et al. 2021).”
From Consciousness in active inference: Deep self-models, other minds, and the challenge of psychedelic-induced ego-dissolution (2021) · cites this paper as Inzlicht et al. 2015
In “Does cognitive control depend on emotion?” (page unavailable), the paper describes core affect and subjective experience as elements of emotion, and says negative affect motivates goal-directed behavior. “What is emotion?” likewise describes feelings as organizing action. It does not say that felt valence is the most basic phenomenal state, pervades all experience, or generally guides organisms toward fitness-promoting states. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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The Effort Paradox: Effort Is Both Costly and Valued
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Self-Control and Academic Achievement
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Integrating Models of Self-Regulation
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Empathy is hard work: People choose to avoid empathy because of its cognitive costs.
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The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework
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Self-Control as Value-Based Choice
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Six Questions for the Resource Model of Control (and Some Answers)
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Conflict monitoring and the affective-signaling hypothesis—An integrative review
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Cognitive Control in Depression: Toward Clinical Models Informed by Cognitive Neuroscience
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Curiosity as a Metacognitive Feeling
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Anticipating cognitive effort: roles of perceived error-likelihood and time demands
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Cognitive Control as Cost‐Benefit Decision Making
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Integrating Models of Self-RegulationPreprint
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Effortful Emotion Regulation as a Unique Form of Cybernetic Control
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More Effort, Less Fatigue: The Role of Interest in Increasing Effort and Reducing Mental Fatigue
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Affect and Decision Making: Insights and Predictions from Computational Models
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Serial Prefrontal Pathways Are Positioned to Balance Cognition and Emotion in Primates
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The emotive nature of conflict monitoring in the medial prefrontal cortex
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The effort paradox: Effort is both costly and valuedPreprint
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Monitoring and control in multitasking
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Mindful awareness of feelings increases neural performance monitoring
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No Pain, no Gain? Investigating motivational mechanisms of game elements in cognitive tasks
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Between Pleasure and Contentment: Evolutionary Dynamics of Some Possible Parameters of Happiness
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The sound of beauty: How complexity determines aesthetic preference
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“On this view, feelings in the form of subjectively felt valence are the most basic constitutive phenomenal states, they pervade all of experience, guiding the organism to fitness-promoting states (Inzlicht et al. 2015; Kolodny et al. 2021).”
BackgroundDo Intelligent Robots Need Emotion?
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- Authors
- Inzlicht, M., Bartholow, B. D., & Hirsh, J. B.
- Affiliations
- University of Toronto (CA)
- University of Missouri (US)
- Corresponding author
- Inzlicht, Michael
- Venue
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 126-132
- ISSN
- 1364-6613 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4348332
- OpenAlex
- W2080246867
- Cited by
- 542
- References
- 116
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 63 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 57 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 28
- FWCI
- 5.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R21AA017282)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Emotions and Moral Behavior
- Keywords
- cognitive control, emotions, goal conflict, attentional focus, conflict resolution, goal-directed behavior, emotion-cognition interaction
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cognition, Conflict, Psychological, Emotions, Humans, Models, Psychological, Executive Function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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