The human brain uses spatial schemas to represent segmented environments
Open accessAbstract
Humans and animals use cognitive maps to represent the spatial structure of the environment. Although these maps are typically conceptualized as extending in an equipotential manner across known space, psychological evidence suggests that people mentally segment complex environments into subspaces. To understand the neurocognitive mechanisms behind this operation, we familiarized participants with a virtual courtyard that was divided into two halves by a river; we then used behavioral testing and fMRI to understand how spatial locations were encoded within this environment. Participants' spatial judgments and multivoxel activation patterns were affected by the division of the courtyard, indicating that the presence of a boundary can induce mental segmentation even when all parts of the environment are co-visible. In the hippocampus and occipital place area (OPA), the segmented organization of the environment manifested in schematic spatial codes that represented geometrically equivalent locations in the two subspaces as similar. In the retrosplenial complex (RSC), responses were more consistent with an integrated spatial map. These results demonstrate that people use both local spatial schemas and integrated spatial maps to represent segmented environment. We hypothesize that schematization may serve as a general mechanism for organizing complex knowledge structures in terms of their component elements.
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The ERC may work with the HPC and occipital place area, which represent local geometry common across segments, and with the RSC, which integrates segments into a superordinate map, to give rise to a gist in the service of schema formation.
“The ERC may work with the HPC and occipital place area, which represent local geometry common across segments, and with the RSC, which integrates segments into a superordinate map, to give rise to a gist in the service of schema formation 39 .”
From From cognitive maps to spatial schemas (2023) · cites this paper as [39]
The RSC provides a long-term store of the spatial structure of the environment, such as the distance between locations in an integrated spatial map of a segmented environment.
“This is consistent with the RSC providing a long-term store of the spatial structure of the environment, such as the distance between locations in an integrated spatial map of a segmented environment 39 .”
From From cognitive maps to spatial schemas (2023) · cites this paper as [39]
Similar findings have been reported in a virtual outdoor environment segmented into subspaces by a natural barrier (a river).
“Similar findings have been reported in a virtual outdoor environment segmented into subspaces by a natural barrier (a river) 39 .”
From From cognitive maps to spatial schemas (2023) · cites this paper as [39]
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The Brain’s Extended Navigation Network
Patai, E. Z., Brown, T. I., Ciocchi, S., Goard, M. J., Jadhav, S. P., Keshavarzi, S., Krupic, J., Laurens, J., Vervaeke, K., & Jeffery, K. J. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-20563-6_12
- Authors
- Peer, M., & Epstein, R. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Peer, Michael
- Venue
- Current Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-11
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 4677-4688.e8
- ISSN
- 0960-9822 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8578397
- OpenAlex
- W3198605060
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 143
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7
- FWCI
- 2.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 372 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Current Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01EY022350, R01EY031286)
- Fulbright Association
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Spatial Cognition and Navigation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Place Attachment and Urban Studies
- Keywords
- cognitive maps, spatial schema, hippocampus, occipital place area, retrosplenial complex, virtual worlds, spatial memory, place learning, river boundaries, schematization
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Mapping, Gyrus Cinguli, Hippocampus, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Space Perception
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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