Replicability and Robustness of Genome-Wide-Association Studies for Behavioral Traits
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A recent genome-wide-association study of educational attainment identified three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) whose associations, despite their small effect sizes (each R 2 ≈ 0.02%), reached genome-wide significance ( p < 5 × 10 −8 ) in a large discovery sample and were replicated in an independent sample ( p < .05). The study also reported associations between educational attainment and indices of SNPs called “polygenic scores.” In three studies, we evaluated the robustness of these findings. Study 1 showed that the associations with all three SNPs were replicated in another large ( N = 34,428) independent sample. We also found that the scores remained predictive ( R 2 ≈ 2%) in regressions with stringent controls for stratification (Study 2) and in new within-family analyses (Study 3). Our results show that large and therefore well-powered genome-wide-association studies can identify replicable genetic associations with behavioral traits. The small effect sizes of individual SNPs are likely to be a major contributing factor explaining the striking contrast between our results and the disappointing replication record of most candidate-gene studies.
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Previous GWAS meta-analyses and replication studies have identified genetic variants associated with EduYears.
“Previous GWAS meta-analyses and replication studies have identified genetic variants associated with EduYears11–14.”
From Shared genetic architectures of educational attainment in East Asian and European populations (2024) · cites this paper as [12]
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Dixon, P., Hollingworth, W., Harrison, S., Davies, N. M., & Davey Smith, G. (2020) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2020.102300 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Earnings in Later-Life Self-Employment
Patel, P. C., Rietveld, C. A., & Verheul, I. (2019) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1177/1042258719888641 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Rietveld et al. (2014) have shown that the inclusion of principal components solves this problem adequately in the HRS dataset.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationAnnual Research Review: Threats to the validity of child psychiatry and psychology
Rutter, M. L., & Pickles, A. R. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12461 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Docherty, A., Moscati, A., Peterson, R., Edwards, A., Adkins, D., Bacanu, S., Bigdeli, T., Webb, B., Flint, J., & Kendler, K. (2016) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2016.177 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Child-Driven Parenting: Differential Early Childhood Investment by Offspring Genotype
Breinholt, A., & Conley, D. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w28217 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Exploiting the recent availability of molecular genetic data, GWAS have found over three thousand genetic variants associated with educational attainment (Lee et al. 2018; Okbay et al. 2022, Okbay et al. 2016; Rietveld et al. 2013, 2014).”
Self-citationKhan, F., Chong, J. Y., Theisen, J. C., Fraley, R. C., Young, J. F., & Hankin, B. L. (2019) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000211 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“given the small effect sizes expected at the level of an individual SNP (Rietveld et al., 2014), or creating polygenic risk scores that take advantage of the aggregate effects of multiple genetic variants (De Moor et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialSchmitz, L. L., & Conley, D. (2017) · Economics of Education Review · doi:10.1016/j.econedurev.2017.10.001 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationFamily disadvantage, gender, and the returns to genetic human capital*
Ronda, V., Agerbo, E., Bleses, D., Mortensen, P. B., Børglum, A., Mors, O., Rosholm, M., Hougaard, D. M., Nordentoft, M., & Werge, T. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Economics · doi:10.1111/sjoe.12462 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Genetically modulated educational attainment and coronary disease risk
Zeng, L., Ντάλλα, Ι., Kessler, T., Kastrati, A., Erdmann, J., Danesh, J., Watkins, H. C., Samani, N. J., Deloukas, P., & Schunkert, H. (2019) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz328 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Domingue, B. W., & Fletcher, J. M. (2020) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-020-10000-4 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationWestberg, L., Henningsson, S., Zettergren, A., Svärd, J., Hovey, D., Lin, T., Ebner, N. C., & Fischer, H. (2016) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00178 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Considering the small effects by which individual polymorphisms may influence complex traits (Rietveld et al., 2014), our choice to genotype several OXTR SNPs in this low-powered sample provided us with small chances of revealing associations that survive stringent correction for multiple testing.”
BackgroundGenetic Nature or Genetic Nurture? Quantifying Bias in Analyses Using Polygenic ScoresPreprint
Trejo, S., & Domingue, B. W. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/524850 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Thus, validating PGSs within-families is vitally important for sifting out causation from correlation among the genetics identified in GWASs of complex traits (Rietveld et al. 2014; Domingue et al. 2015; Lee et al. 2018; Belsky et al. 2018).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTrampush, J. W., Lencz, T., Knowles, E., Davies, G., Guha, S., Pe'er, I., Liewald, D. C., Starr, J. M., Djurovic, S., Melle, I., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32319 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Patel, P. C., Rietveld, C. A., Wolfe, M. T., & Wiklund, J. (2020) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1177/1042258720936984 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationADHD and later-life labor market outcomes in the United States
Rietveld, C. A., & Patel, P. C. (2019) · The European Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1007/s10198-019-01055-0 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationMadlon‐Kay, S., Montague, M. J., Brent, L. J. N., Ellis, S., Zhong, B. L., Snyder‐Mackler, N., Horvath, J. E., Skene, J. H. P., & Platt, M. L. (2018) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.22873 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Shared genetic architectures of educational attainment in East Asian and European populations
Chen, T.-T., Kim, J., Lam, M., Chuang, Y.-F., Chiu, Y.-L., Lin, S.-C., Jung, S.-H., Kim, B., Kim, S., Cho, C., et al. (2024) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-023-01781-9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“12 and Supplementary Table 14).”
From big data to deep insight in developmental science
Gilmore, R. (2016) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1379 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“High-volume or velocity data informs the estimation of trends within and between people across time.(14) Variety encompasses the range of measurement types employed across developmental research—biological, behavioral, contextual, and cultural/historical/evolutionary—and the use of different types of measurements to a…”
BackgroundOkbay, A., & Rietveld, C. A. (2015) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000076 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationThe effect of education on spousal education: A genetic approach
Barban, N., Cao, E. D., Oreffice, S., & Quintana‐Domeque, C. (2021) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2021.102023 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Interplay between Maternal Smoking and Genes in Offspring Birth WeightPreprint
Pereira, R. D., Rietveld, C. A., & van Kippersluis, H. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.10.30.20222844 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…four principal components of the mother’s genetic relationship matrix are included to control for subtle forms of “population stratification”, i.e., systematic relationships between the prevalence of genetic variants and environments in subpopulations (Price et al., 2006; Rietveld et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationDNA Dreams': Teacher Perspectives on the Role and Relevance of Genetics for Education
Martschenko, D. (2020) · Research in education (Manchester) · doi:10.1177/0034523719869956 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Alongside improvements in analytic methods, researchers have begun to relate genes to a number of social and behavioural outcomes (Rietveld et al., 2014).”
BackgroundRaiders of the lost HARK: a reproducible inference framework for big data science
Prosperi, M., Bian, J., Buchan, I. E., Koopman, J. S., Sperrin, M., & Wang, M. (2019) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-019-0340-8 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Mesquita, A., Belsky, J., Li, Z., Baptista, J., Carvalho-Correia, E., Maciel, P., & Soares, I. (2015) · Physiology and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.09.015 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Uncovering the Genetic Architectures of Quantitative Traits
Lee, J. J., Vattikuti, S., & Chow, C. C. (2015) · Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1016/j.csbj.2015.10.002 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“We can point to a variety of checks supporting this claim, but perhaps the simplest and most convincing such check is the agreement between estimates of effects from samples of unrelated individuals and estimates fromwithin families [5,8,20].”
BackgroundLuningham, J. M., McArtor, D., Hendriks, A., van Beijsterveldt, C. V., Lichtenstein, P., Lundström, S., Larsson, H., Bartels, M., Boomsma, D., & Lubke, G. (2019) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2019.01227 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Core Neuropsychological Measures for Obesity and Diabetes Trials: Initial Report
D’Ardenne, K., Savage, C. R., Small, D. M., Vainik, U., & Stoeckel, L. E. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.554127 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Instead, the digit symbol matching test is a very sensitive measure of many state variables, including changes in health and all or nearly all forms of brain damage such as dementia or vascular disease (Glosser et al., 1977; Cukierman et al., 2005; Rapp and Reischies, 2005; Rosano et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSibling Differences in Educational Polygenic Scores: How Do Parents React?
Sanz-de-Galdeano, A., & Terskaya, A. (2019) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3401143 · Cited by 13
“27One recent exception is Savelyev et al. (2019), who rely on comparisons between monozygotic and dizygotic twins, as initially proposed by Behrman et al.”
Geographic Clustering of Polygenic Scores at Different Stages of the Life Course
Domingue, B. W., Rehkopf, D. H., Conley, D., & Boardman, J. D. (2018) · RSF The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences · doi:10.7758/rsf.2018.4.4.08 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the genetic bias of the quarter of birth instrument.
Rietveld, C. A., & Webbink, D. (2016) · Economics and Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2016.01.002 · Cited by 12
Self-citationWhy is the topic of the biological embedding of experiences important for translation?
Rutter, M. L. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000821 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“The effects found for individual genes were tiny (Rietveld et al., 2014) and still quite small when the genes were combined to produce a polygenic score.”
BackgroundEpigenetic Modification of OXTR is Associated with Openness to Experience
Haas, B. W., Smith, A. K., & Nishitani, S. (2018) · Personality Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/pen.2018.7 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Indeed, several recent important meta-analyses show that many published studies linking single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with personality traits fail to replicate (De Moor et al., 2012; Montag & Reuter, 2014; Rietveld et al., 2014).”
Childhood socioeconomic status moderates genetic predisposition for peak smokingPreprint
Bierut, L. J., Biroli, P., Galama, T. J., & Thom, K. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/336834 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“our analyses, our baseline control vector Zi includes the first ten principal components of the full matrix of SNP data to adjust for population stratification (Price et al., 2006; Rietveld et al., 2014), a male indicator, a set of indicators for birth year, a set of indicators for region of birth (New England, Middle…”
BackgroundMethodRisky and non-risky financial investments and cognition
Bassols, N. M. (2023) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2023.102677 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Donnellan, M. B., Martin, M. J., & Senia, J. M. (2021) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000901 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Genetic predispositions moderate the effectiveness of tobacco excise taxes
Slob, E., & Rietveld, C. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259210 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Population stratification entails an association between the prevalence of certain genes and environmental conditions, such as cultural and social norms, in subpopulations in the analysis sample [23].”
BackgroundSelf-citationBuser, T., Ahlskog, R., Johannesson, M., Koellinger, P., & Oskarsson, S. (2024) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2024.102544 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationWu, Y. Y., Thompson, M. D., Youkhana, F., & Pirkle, C. M. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glab025 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
How Genetic and Other Biological Factors Interact with Smoking Decisions
Bierut, L. J., & Cesarini, D. A. (2015) · Big Data · doi:10.1089/big.2015.0013 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“There are several reasons for the robustness of GWAS findings (see Rietveld et al.(4) for a discussion).”
Self-citationExploring the Fetal Origins Hypothesis Using Genetic Data
Trejo, S. (2024) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/soae018 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Powerful Partial Conjunction Hypothesis Testing via Conditioning
Liang, B., Zhang, L., & Janson, L. (2022) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/asaf036 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Despite their widespread usage in various applied and methodological studies such as Heller et al. (2007); Zuo et al. (2011); Rietveld et al. (2014); Karmakar and Small (2020); Karmakar et al. (2021), standard single PCH tests are highly conservative even when the tests for the individual base…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAbrutyn, S., & McCaffree, K. (2018) · The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology · doi:10.1002/9781405165518.wbeose093.pub2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
On the Genetic and Genomic Basis of Aggression, Violence, and Antisocial Behavior
Beaver, K., Connolly, E. J., Nedelec, J. L., & Schwartz, J. A. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190299323.013.15 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“However, recent GWA research has found reliable genetic associations between individual SNPs and behavioral traits when analyzing large population cohorts that are well powered for GWAS (Rietveld et al., 2014).”
BackgroundAlexandre, A., Maria, K. D., Philipp, K., Mauro, P., Maddalena, Q., Barbara, R., & Guy, V. D. E. (2019) · doi:10.2760/948992 · Cited by 4
“For example, the first replicable genetic associations with general cognitive performance have been discovered using educational attainment as a proxy (Rietveld et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialGene-Culture Models for the Evolution of Altruistic Teaching
Aoki, K., Wakano, J., & Feldman, M. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-420190-3.00018-1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Multimodal deep learning approaches for improving polygenic risk scores with imaging data
Kim, H., Lee, G., & Chung, W. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-34153-6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Breinholt, A., Ware, E. B., Fomby, P., Notterman, D. A., Schneper, L. M., & Mitchell, C. M. (2025) · Longitudinal and Life Course Studies · doi:10.1332/17579597y2025d000000042 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The identification of mediating effects using genome-based restricted maximum likelihood estimation
Rietveld, C. A., de Vlaming, R., & Slob, E. A. W. (2023) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010638 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“MGREML also adjusts for the first 20 principal components of the genomic-relatedness matrix to control for subtle forms of population stratification [37, 38].”
BackgroundSelf-citationDo Obligations Follow the Mind or Body?
Protzko, J., Tobia, K., Strohminger, N., & Schooler, J. (2022) · Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.31234/osf.io/m5a6g · Cited by 3
“Intheend, education level was recorded and coded as years of education (following Rietveld et al., 2014).”
Pereira, R. D. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.1101/2021.12.14.472565 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“The third specification includes the principal components of the genetic relatedness matrix as a circumstance (Price et al., 2006; Rietveld et al., 2014).”
BackgroundThe effect of the genetic propensity for obesity on income and wealth through educational attainment
Patel, P. C., & Rietveld, C. A. (2019) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22528 · Cited by 3
“Funding agencies: The Health and Retirement Study (HRS) is sponsored by the National Institute on Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740) and is conducted by the University of Michigan.”
InfluentialSelf-citationBuser, T., Ahlskog, R., Johanneson, M., Koellinger, P., & Oskarsson, S. (2021) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3938154 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Several studies construct PGIs for educational attainment (EA) and use within-family variation to establish that the link between the genes summarized in the PGI and EA is causal (Rietveld et al., 2014; Lee et al., 2018; Kong et al., 2018).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLook before you leap: Earnings gaps and elderly self-employment
Patel, P. C. (2025) · Journal of business research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2024.115081 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Bierut, L. J., Biroli, P., Galama, T. J., & Thom, K. (2023) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2023.102636 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
What can we learn from neurofinance?
Desmoulins‐Lebeault, F., Gajewski, J., & Meunier, L. (2018) · Cairn.info · doi:10.3917/fina.392.0093 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Assortative Mating on Education: A Genetic Assessment
Barban, N., de Cao, E., Oreffice, S., & Quintana-Domeque, C. (2016) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3445829 · Cited by 2
Genotypic Variations Associated with Changes in Body Mass in Response to Endurance Training
Chung, H. C., Keiller, D., Waterworth, S., McManus, C. J., Roberts, J. D., & Gordon, D. A. (2024) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2024.2404981 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“This is relevant because rs12206087 is in close linkage disequilibrium for rs9320913 (r 2 = .99) (Rietveld et al., 2014).”
Ten Years of Psychology's Replicability Crisis:
Hiraishi, K., & Nakamura, D. (2022) · Kagaku tetsugaku · doi:10.4216/jpssj.54.2_27 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Zhang, F., Kang, J.-M., Long, R., Li, M.-N., Sun, Y., He, F., Jiang, X.-Q., Yang, C.-I., Yang, X., Kong, J., et al. (2021) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1006624/v1 · Cited by 1
“This phenomenon has been observed in previous studies (Heller and Yekutieli 2014; Lin 2019; Rietveld et al. 2014).”
BackgroundResultNature-nurture interplay in educational attainment
Muslimova, D., van Kippersluis, H., Rietveld, C. A., von Hinke, S., & Meddens, S. F. W. (2020) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2012.05021 · Cited by 1
“, correlations between allele frequencies and environmental factors across subpopulations in the sample) in a between-family (population-level) analysis (Price et al., 2006; Rietveld et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSlob, E., & Rietveld, C. A. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.12.02.20242388 · Cited by 1
“We thank the National Institute on Aging (U01 AG009740), the Health and Retirement Study (HRS application number HRS RDA 2019-025) sta , and the HRS participants.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationA decade of research on the genetics of entrepreneurship: a review and view ahead
Rietveld, C. A., Slob, E. A. W., & Thurik, R. (2020) · Small Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s11187-020-00349-5 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“In this spirit, Rietveld et al. (2014b) used the results of a GWAS on educational attainment to select 69 independent SNPs, which were then tested for association with cognitive performance.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationLi, C., Zhong, Y., Sham, P., & Chan, S. (2026) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-026-03994-8
“Education attainment was measured as the number of years in education (EAY) [39] and college completion (CC) [40].”
In Defence of Behavioral Genetics
Visscher, P. (2026) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2026.10065
“I have been involved in a number of ‘ core ’ BG studies, notably four genomewide association studies (GWAS) on educational attainment (EA; Lee et al., 2018; Okbay et al., 2016; Okbay et al., 2022; Rietveld et al., 2014).”
Self-citationGlavač, T., Barbo, M., Ravnik-Glavač, M., Zupančič, M., & Dolžan, V. (2025) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2025.1675538 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Indeed, genetic studies of behavioral endophenotypes have faced similar criticisms as disease phenotypes, including very small effect sizes of individual variants, low statistical power in early studies, and frequent replication failures (Duncan and Keller, 2011; Rietveld et al., 2014).”
Kui, N., Yu, Y., Choi, J., McCaw, Z., Li, X.-H., Huff, C., & Sun, R. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.07.21.665850
“More specifically, set-based investigations often highlight dozens of putatively important risk factors, yet many of these associations cannot be replicated in follow-up work or even re-analysis of the same cohort [8–10].”
Trejo, S., & Kanopka, K. (2024) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2405725121 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
RaSaR: a novel methodology for the detection of epistasis
Hind, J. (2019) · doi:10.24377/ljmu.t.00010883
“Additionally, one of the main focuses of this work considers to role of False Discovery Rate (FDR) and the issue of replicability in genomic studies [16][17][18].”
BackgroundGene × Environment Interaction: The Environmental Revolution
Young, G. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24094-7_10
- Authors
- Rietveld, C. A., Conley, D., Eriksson, N., Esko, T., Medland, S. E., Vinkhuyzen, A. A. E., Yang, J., Boardman, J. D., Chabris, C. F., Dawes, C. T., Domingue, B. W., Hinds, D. A., Johannesson, M., Kiefer, A. K., Laibson, D., Magnusson, P. K. E., Mountain, J. L., Oskarsson, S., Rostapshova, O., Teumer, A., Tung, J. Y., Visscher, P. M., Benjamin, D. J., Cesarini, D., Koellinger, P. D., the Social Science Genetics Association Consortium, Eriksson, N., Hinds, D. A., Kiefer, A. K., Mountain, J. L., Tung, J. Y., Medland, S. E., Vinkhuyzen, A. A. E., Yang, J., Visscher, P. M., Conley, D., Boardman, J. D., Dawes, C. T., Domingue, B. W., Rietveld, C. A., Benjamin, D. J., Cesarini, D., Koellinger, P. D., Conley, D., Eriksson, N., Esko, T., Chabris, C. F., Johannesson, M., Laibson, D., Magnusson, P. K. E., Oskarsson, S., Rostapshova, O., Teumer, A., Visscher, P. M., Benjamin, D. J., Cesarini, D., & Koellinger, P. D.
- Affiliations
- Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam
- Department of Sociology, New York University
- 23andMe, Inc., Mountain View, California
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Department of Psychology, Union College
- Wilf Family Department of Politics, New York University
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder
- Department of Economics, Stockholm School of Economics
- Department of Economics, Harvard University
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Department of Functional Genomics, Greifswald Medical School
- Department of Economics, Cornell University
- Center for Experimental Social Science, Department of Economics, New York University
- ORCID
- Oskarsson, Sven
- Venue
- Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-10-06
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1975-1986
- ISSN
- 0956-7976 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9280
- PMC
- PMC4375246
- OpenAlex
- W2130272460
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 8.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- ERIM Top-Core Articles
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Forskningsrådet för Arbetsliv och Socialvetenskap
- U.S. Public Health Service (SES-1064089)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/H02123X/1)
- National Institute on Aging (T32AG000186, P01AG005842, P30AG012810)
- Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R24HD047879)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Mapping and Diversity in Plants and Animals
- Keywords
- educational attainment, single nucleotide polymorphisms, polygenic risk score, replication, genetic association, behavioral characteristics, small effect sizes, stratification, heritability
- MeSH terms
- Achievement, Educational Status, Genotype, Humans, Massachusetts, Queensland, Registries, Reproducibility of Results, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Principal Component Analysis, Genome-Wide Association Study
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