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Cited by 827Genetic Associations and EpidemiologyCognitive Abilities and TestingIntergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies

GWAS of 126,559 Individuals Identifies Genetic Variants Associated with Educational Attainment

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Rietveld, Cornelius A., Medland, Sarah E., Derringer, Jaime, Yang, Jian, Esko, Tõnu, Martin, Nicolas W., Westra, Harm-Jan, Shakhbazov, Konstantin +196 more·2013·Science
DOI 10.1126/science.1235488PMC PMC3751588
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Abstract

Genetic College: Many genomic elements in humans are associated with behavior, including educational attainment. In a genome-wide association study including more than 100,000 samples, Rietveld et al. (p. 1467 , published online 30 May; see the Perspective by Flint and Munafò ) looked for genes related to educational attainment in Caucasians. Small genetic effects at three loci appeared to impact educational attainment.

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  • Previous GWAS meta-analyses and replication studies have identified genetic variants associated with EduYears.

    “Previous GWAS meta-analyses and replication studies have identified genetic variants associated with EduYears11–14.”

    From Shared genetic architectures of educational attainment in East Asian and European populations (2024) · cites this paper as [11]

  • EduYears is moderately heritable, with twin-study heritability of ~40% and SNP-based heritability of ~20% from GWAS.

    “EduYears has been shown to be moderately heritable with a heritability of ~40% from twin studies and a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based heritability of ~20% from genome-wide association studies (GWASs)11.”

    From Shared genetic architectures of educational attainment in East Asian and European populations (2024) · cites this paper as [11]

  • Theoretical projections that failed to consider heterogeneity of effect sizes were optimistic.

    “However, theoretical projections that failed to consider heterogeneity of effect sizes were optimistic4.”

    From Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals (2018) · cites this paper as [4]

    The passage labeled Abstract discusses projections for polygenic-score performance and reports small SNP effects, but it does not evaluate projections that ignored heterogeneity of effect sizes. Searches for that assumption and for “optimistic” found no passage making the attributed point. (LLM, conf=0.70)

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Authors
Rietveld, C. A., Medland, S. E., Derringer, J., Yang, J., Esko, T., Martin, N. W., Westra, H.-J., Shakhbazov, K., Abdellaoui, A., Agrawal, A., Albrecht, E., Alizadeh, B. Z., Amin, N., Barnard, J., Baumeister, S. E., Benke, K. S., Bielak, L. F., Boatman, J. A., Boyle, P. A., Davies, G., de Leeuw, C., Eklund, N., Evans, D. S., Ferhmann, R., Fischer, K., Gieger, C., Gjessing, H. K., Hägg, S., Harris, J. R., Hayward, C., Holzapfel, C., Ibrahim-Verbaas, C. A., Ingelsson, E., Jacobsson, B., Joshi, P. K., Jugessur, A., Kaakinen, M., Kanoni, S., Karjalainen, J., Kolcic, I., Kristiansson, K., Kutalik, Z., Lahti, J., Lee, S. H., Lin, P., Lind, P. A., Liu, Y., Lohman, K., Loitfelder, M., McMahon, G., Vidal, P. M., Meirelles, O., Milani, L., Myhre, R., Nuotio, M.-L., Oldmeadow, C. J., Petrovic, K. E., Peyrot, W. J., Polašek, O., Quaye, L., Reinmaa, E., Rice, J. P., Rizzi, T. S., Schmidt, H., Schmidt, R., Smith, A. V., Smith, J. A., Tanaka, T., Terracciano, A., van der Loos, M. J. H. M., Vitart, V., Völzke, H., Wellmann, J., Yu, L., Zhao, W., Allik, J., Attia, J. R., Bandinelli, S., Bastardot, F., Beauchamp, J., Bennett, D. A., Berger, K., Bierut, L. J., Boomsma, D. I., Bültmann, U., Campbell, H., Chabris, C. F., Cherkas, L., Chung, M. K., Cucca, F., de Andrade, M., De Jager, P. L., De Neve, J.-E., Deary, I. J., Dedoussis, G. V., Deloukas, P., Dimitriou, M., Eiríksdóttir, G., Elderson, M. F., Eriksson, J. G., Evans, D. M., Faul, J. D., Ferrucci, L., Garcia, M. E., Grönberg, H., Guðnason, V., Hall, P., Harris, J. M., Harris, T. B., Hastie, N. D., Heath, A. C., Hernandez, D. G., Hoffmann, W., Hofman, A., Holle, R., Holliday, E. G., Hottenga, J.-J., Iacono, W. G., Illig, T., Järvelin, M.-R., Kähönen, M., Kaprio, J., Kirkpatrick, R. M., Kowgier, M., Latvala, A., Launer, L. J., Lawlor, D. A., Lehtimäki, T., Li, J., Lichtenstein, P., Lichtner, P., Liewald, D. C., Madden, P. A., Magnusson, P. K. E., Mäkinen, T. E., Masala, M., McGue, M., Metspalu, A., Mielck, A., Miller, M. B., Montgomery, G. W., Mukherjee, S., Nyholt, D. R., Oostra, B. A., Palmer, L. J., Palotie, A., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Perola, M., Peyser, P. A., Preisig, M., Räikkönen, K., Raitakari, O. T., Realo, A., Ring, S. M., Ripatti, S., Rivadeneira, F., Rudan, I., Rustichini, A., Salomaa, V., Sarin, A.-P., Schlessinger, D., Scott, R. J., Snieder, H., St Pourcain, B., Starr, J. M., Sul, J. H., Surakka, I., Svento, R., Teumer, A., Study, T. L. C., Tiemeier, H., van Rooij, F. J. A., Van Wagoner, D. R., Vartiainen, E., Viikari, J., Vollenweider, P., Vonk, J. M., Waeber, G., Weir, D. R., Wichmann, H.-E., Widen, E., Willemsen, G., Wilson, J. F., Wright, A. F., Conley, D., Davey-Smith, G., Franke, L., Groenen, P. J. F., Hofman, A., Johannesson, M., Kardia, S. L. R., Krueger, R. F., Laibson, D., Martin, N. G., Meyer, M. N., Posthuma, D., Thurik, A. R., Timpson, N. J., Uitterlinden, A. G., van Duijn, C. M., Visscher, P. M., Benjamin, D. J., Cesarini, D., & Koellinger, P. D.
Affiliations
  • Erasmus MC (NL)
  • QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (AU)
  • University of Colorado Boulder (US)
  • The University of Queensland (AU)
  • University of Tartu (EE)
  • Queensland Institute of Medical Research, 300 Herston Road, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia.
  • University Medical Center Groningen (NL)
  • Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
  • Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
  • Helmholtz Munich (DE)
  • Cleveland Clinic (US)
  • Universitätsmedizin Greifswald (DE)
  • Mount Sinai Hospital (CA)
  • University of Michigan (US)
  • University of Minnesota (US)
  • Rush University Medical Center (US)
  • University of Edinburgh (GB)
  • Department of Functional Genomics, VU University Amsterdam and VU Medical Center, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.
  • University of Helsinki (FI)
  • California Pacific Medical Center (US)
  • Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NO)
  • Uppsala University (SE)
  • Institute of Genetics and Cancer (GB)
  • TUM Klinikum (DE)
  • Genetic Epidemiology Unit, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands.
  • University of Oulu (FI)
  • Wellcome Sanger Institute (GB)
  • Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia.
  • SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (CH)
  • Washington University in St. Louis (US)
  • Wake Forest University Health Sciences (US)
  • Medical University of Graz (AT)
  • University of Bristol (GB)
  • Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, 1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
  • National Institutes of Health (US)
  • Hunter Medical Research Institute (AU)
  • Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
  • University of Split (HR)
  • King's College London (GB)
  • University of Iceland (IS)
  • Florida State University (US)
  • Department of Applied Economics, Erasmus School of Economics, Erasmus University Rotterdam, 3000 DR Rotterdam, Netherlands.
  • Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
  • University of Münster (DE)
  • Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu 50410, Estonia.
  • Azienda Sanitaria di Firenze (IT)
  • Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CH)
  • Harvard University (US)
  • Union College (US)
  • University of Sassari (IT)
  • Department of Health Sciences Research, Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
  • Program in Translational Neuropsychiatric Genomics, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
  • School of Public Policy, University College London, London WC1H 9QU, UK.
  • Harokopio University of Athens (GR)
  • Icelandic Heart Association (IS)
  • Karolinska Institutet (SE)
  • Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur 201, Iceland.
  • Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, 9747 AD Groningen, Netherlands.
  • Oulu University Hospital (FI)
  • Tampere University Hospital (FI)
  • Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (CA)
  • Genome Institute of Singapore (SG)
  • Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (FI)
  • National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (US)
  • University of Toronto (CA)
  • University of Turku (FI)
  • MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 2PR, UK.
  • Alzheimer Scotland (GB)
  • University of California, Los Angeles (US)
  • Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam 3000 CA, Netherlands.
  • Heart and Vascular and Lerner Research Institutes, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
  • Turku University Hospital (FI)
  • Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.
  • Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
  • Stockholm School of Economics (SE)
  • State University of New York (US)
  • Leiden University Medical Center (NL)
  • New York University Abu Dhabi (AE)
Corresponding author
  • Visscher, Peter M.
  • Benjamin, Daniel J.
  • Cesarini, David
  • Koellinger, Philipp D.
ORCID
Venue
Science
Publisher
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
Published
2013-06-21
Volume
340
Issue
6139
Pages
1467-1471
ISSN
  • 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
  • 1095-9203
DOI
10.1126/science.1235488
PMC
PMC3751588
OpenAlex
W2142161268
Cited by
827
References
18
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 35 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 68 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 90 · 2018: 84 · 2017: 82 · 2016: 89 · 2015: 84 · 2014: 62 · 2013: 11
FWCI
10.07
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
other-oa
Locations
  • Science (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
  • Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
  • EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
  • University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • London School of Economics and Political Science Research Online (London School of Economics and Political Science) (acceptedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
  • IRIS (submittedVersion)
  • Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • EPubDev Repository (submittedVersion)
  • EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
  • RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
  • Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
  • UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
  • Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion)
  • UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
  • UnissResearch (Università degli Studi di Sassari) (submittedVersion)
  • Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
  • Site cant be reached (submittedVersion)
  • Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
  • Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion)
  • RUNE (Research UNE) (submittedVersion)
  • SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • STM:n Hallinnonalan avoin julkaisuarkisto (Julkari) (submittedVersion)
  • University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • WOS
  • ERIM Top-Core Articles
Funders
  • National Science Foundation (1064089)
  • National Institutes of Health (5u01da024417-02, 5t32ag000196-20)
  • Medical Research Council (MR/K026992/1, MC_PC_15018)
  • Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/F019394/1)
  • Economic and Social Research Council (ES/H02123X/1)
  • National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA009367, AA-11886, K05AA017688, R37AA009367, AA-09367, R01AA011886)
  • National Institute on Aging (T32-AG000196, R01AG015819, T32AG000186, ZIAAG000196, Z01AG000196, AG005842, Z01AG001050, P01AG005842, P30AG012810, U01AG009740)
  • National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL111314, R01HL105756, R01HL090620)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (MH-066140, MH016880, R01MH066140, T32MH016880)
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (U01-DA024417, DA13240, DA 024417, F31DA029377, DA029377, DA-05147, R01DA013240, R37DA005147)
  • National Cancer Institute (P01CA089392)
  • National Institute of General Medical Sciences (P01GM099568)
  • Office of Behavioral and Social Sciences Research
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies
Keywords
educational attainment, single nucleotide polymorphisms, genetic variants, polygenic risk score, cognitive function, effect size estimation, power analysis
MeSH terms
Cognition, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Male, Multifactorial Inheritance, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Genome-Wide Association Study, Genetic Loci, Endophenotypes

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