What Accounts for Personality Maturation in Early Adulthood?
Abstract
During early adulthood, individuals tend to increase in personality traits that mark greater social maturity. The compelling question is why most young adults change in the direction of greater maturity. Recently, this question has been addressed by a diverse array of research, ranging from behavioral-genetic to prospective longitudinal and cross-cultural studies. The present article reviews the new insights gained from these studies, discusses their implications for two theoretical accounts of personality-trait development, and highlights challenges for future research.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Some theories of personality development emphasize the impact of major life events such as marriage, unemployment, or parenthood on personality traits.
“Accounts differ in the role given to environmental influences, with some emphasizing the impact of major life events such as marriage, unemployment, or parenthood”
From Life Events and Personality Trait Change. (2018) · cites this paper as Bleidorn, 2015
Cites
Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research
Krueger, R. F., & Johnson, W. (2008) · Cited by 7,884 · see citing works
Roberts, B. W., Walton, K. E., & Viechtbauer, W. (2006) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.132.1.1 · Cited by 3,318 · see citing works
Roberts, B. W., Kuncel, N. R., Shiner, R., Caspi, A., & Goldberg, L. R. (2007) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00047.x · Cited by 2,361 · see citing works
Specht, J., Egloff, B., & Schmukle, S. C. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024950 · Cited by 1,318 · see citing works
Personality Trait Change in Adulthood
Roberts, B. W., & Mroczek, D. (2008) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00543.x · Cited by 1,222 · see citing works
Nature over nurture: Temperament, personality, and life span development.
McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. T., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Hřebı́čková, M., Avia, M. D., Sanz, J., Sánchez-Bernardos, M. L., Kuşdil, M. E., Woodfield, R., et al. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.173 · Cited by 1,018 · see citing works
Nature over nurture: Temperament, personality, and life span development.
McCrae, R. R., Paul T., J. C., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., Hřebı́čková, M., Avia, M. D., Sanz, J., Sánchez-Bernardos, M. L., Kuşdil, M. E., Woodfield, R., et al. (2000) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.78.1.173 · Cited by 1,012 · see citing works
Handbook of personality development
(2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-2967 · Cited by 933 · see citing works
Work experiences and personality development in young adulthood.
Roberts, B. W., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E. (2003) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.582 · Cited by 753 · see citing works
The Young Adult Years: Diversity, Structural Change, and Fertility
Rindfuss, R. R. (1991) · Demography · doi:10.2307/2061419 · Cited by 638 · see citing works
Evaluating Five Factor Theory and social investment perspectives on personality trait development
Roberts, B. W., Wood, D., & Smith, J. L. (2004) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2004.08.002 · Cited by 614 · see citing works
(2008) · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Causal Inference and Observational Research: The Utility of Twins
McGue, M., Osler, M., & Christensen, K. (2010) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691610383511 · Cited by 529 · see citing works
Personality-relationship transaction in young adulthood.
Neyer, F. J., & Asendorpf, J. B. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.81.6.1190 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Genetic and environmental continuity in personality development: A meta-analysis.
Briley, D. A., & Tucker-Drob, E. M. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0037091 · Cited by 435 · see citing works
Casey, B. J., & Caudle, K. (2013) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721413480170 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Personality Maturation Around the World
Bleidorn, W., Klimstra, T. A., Denissen, J. J. A., Rentfrow, P. J., Potter, J., & Gosling, S. D. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797613498396 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Self-citationDo we become a different person when hitting the road? Personality development of sojourners.
Zimmermann, J., & Neyer, F. J. (2013) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0033019 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Specht, J., Bleidorn, W., Denissen, J. J. A., Hennecke, M., Hutteman, R., Kandler, C., Luhmann, M., Orth, U., Reitz, A. K., & Zimmermann, J. (2014) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1966 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Self-citationBleidorn, W., Kandler, C., Riemann, R., Angleitner, A., & Spinath, F. M. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015434 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Self-citationStudying Changes in Life Circumstances and Personality: It's about Time
Luhmann, M., Orth, U., Specht, J., Kandler, C., & Lucas, R. E. (2014) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1951 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Goal and Personality Trait Development in Emerging Adulthood.
Roberts, B. W., O'Donnell, M., & Robins, R. W. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.4.541 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
A Three–Part Framework for Self–Regulated Personality Development across Adulthood
Hennecke, M., Bleidorn, W., Denissen, J. J. A., & Wood, D. (2014) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1945 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Self-citationHitting the Road to Adulthood: Short-Term Personality Development During a Major Life Transition
Bleidorn, W. (2012) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167212456707 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citationPlaster or Plasticity: Are Adult Work Experiences Associated with Personality Change in Women?
Roberts, B. W. (1997) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1997.tb00953.x · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Personality and having children: A two-way relationship.
Jokela, M., Kivimäki, M., Elovainio, M., & Keltikangas-Järvinen, L. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014058 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Bleidorn, W., Kandler, C., & Caspi, A. (2014) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1957 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Self-citationSources of cumulative continuity in personality: A longitudinal multiple-rater twin study.
Kandler, C., Bleidorn, W., Riemann, R., Spinath, F. M., Thiel, W., & Angleitner, A. (2010) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019558 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationNature and Nurture in Personality Development
Kandler, C. (2012) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721412452557 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Moving Personality Development Research Forward: Applications Using Structural Equation Models
Jackson, J. J., & Allemand, M. (2014) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.1964 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Bleidorn, W., Kandler, C., Riemann, R., Angleitner, A., & Spinath, F. M. (2011) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00758.x · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationBleidorn, W., Klimstra, T. A., Denissen, J. J. A., Rentfrow, P. J., Potter, J., & Gosling, S. D. (2014) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797614521015 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 33 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Life Events and Personality Trait Change.
Bleidorn, W., Hopwood, C. J., & Lucas, R. E. (2018) · Journal of personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12286 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Self-citationProcesses of Personality Development in Adulthood: The TESSERA Framework
Wrzus, C., & Roberts, B. W. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868316652279 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
Transactions between life events and personality traits across the adult lifespan.
Denissen, J. J. A., Luhmann, M., Chung, J. M., & Bleidorn, W. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000196 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Self-citationBig Five personality stability, change, and codevelopment across adolescence and early adulthood.
Borghuis, J., Denissen, J. J. A., Oberski, D. L., Sijtsma, K., Meeus, W., Branje, S., Koot, H. M., & Bleidorn, W. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000138 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Self-citationThe policy relevance of personality traits.
Bleidorn, W., Hill, P. L., Back, M. D., Denissen, J. J. A., Hennecke, M., Hopwood, C. J., Jokela, M. M., Kandler, C., Lucas, R. E., Luhmann, M., et al. (2019) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000503 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Self-citationIndividual differences in personality change across the adult life span
Schwaba, T., & Bleidorn, W. (2017) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12327 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Self-citationBuecker, S., Luhmann, M., Haehner, P., Bühler, J. L., Dapp, L. C., Luciano, E. C., & Orth, U. (2023) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000401 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
Openness to experience and culture-openness transactions across the lifespan.
Schwaba, T., Luhmann, M., Denissen, J. J. A., Chung, J. M., & Bleidorn, W. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000150 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Self-citationThe heritability of self-control: A meta-analysis
Willems, Y. E., Boesen, N., Li, J., Finkenauer, C., & Bartels, M. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.012 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Understanding personality development
Geukes, K., van Zalk, M. H. W., & Back, M. D. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025416677847 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Mangelsdorf, J., Eid, M., & Luhmann, M. (2019) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000173 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“for which environmental factors play only a minor role (Bleidorn, 2015; McCrae & Costa, 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialLongitudinal Experience–Wide Association Studies—A Framework for Studying Personality Change
Bleidorn, W., Hopwood, C. J., Back, M. D., Denissen, J. J. A., Hennecke, M., Jokela, M., Kandler, C., Lucas, R. E., Luhmann, M., Orth, U., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2247 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationPersonality trait development across the transition to retirement.
Schwaba, T., & Bleidorn, W. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000179 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-esteem and relationship satisfaction during the transition to motherhood.
van Scheppingen, M. A., Denissen, J. J. A., Chung, J. M., Tambs, K., & Bleidorn, W. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000156 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationPersonality Stability and Change: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal StudiesPreprint
Bleidorn, W., Schwaba, T., Zheng, A., Hopwood, C. J., Sosa, S., Roberts, B. W., & Briley, D. A. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/eq5d6 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationvan Scheppingen, M. A., Jackson, J. J., Specht, J., Hutteman, R., Denissen, J. J. A., & Bleidorn, W. (2016) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550616630032 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Self-citationStability and Change in Self-Esteem During the Transition to Parenthood
Bleidorn, W., Buyukcan-Tetik, A., Schwaba, T., van Scheppingen, M. A., Denissen, J. J. A., & Finkenauer, C. (2016) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550616646428 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationThe healthy personality from a basic trait perspective.
Bleidorn, W., Hopwood, C. J., Ackerman, R. A., Witt, E. A., Kandler, C., Riemann, R., Samuel, D. B., & Donnellan, M. B. (2019) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000231 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationMüller, S., Wendt, L. P., & Zimmermann, J. (2021) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911211061280 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Finding a Life Worth Living: Meaning in Life and Graduation from College
Wilt, J., Bleidorn, W., & Revelle, W. (2016) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2046 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationVezzali, L., Turner, R. N., Capozza, D., & Trifiletti, E. (2017) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2313 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Light and dark trait subtypes of human personality – A multi-study person-centered approach
Neumann, C. S., Kaufman, S. B., ten Brinke, L., Yaden, D. B., Hyde, E., & Tsykayama, E. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110121 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Geukes, K., Breil, S. M., Hutteman, R., Nestler, S., Küfner, A. C. P., & Back, M. D. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210424 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Examining the role of the learner and the teacher in language learning motivation
Hennebry-Leung, M., & Hu, X. (2020) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/1362168820938810 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
de Vries, J. H., Spengler, M., Frintrup, A., & Mussel, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.671421 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Li, W., Li, S., Fay, D., & Fresé, M. (2019) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/apl0000417 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Stability and change in personality and personality disorders
Hopwood, C. J., & Bleidorn, W. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.08.034 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationLunansky, G., van Borkulo, C. D., & Borsboom, D. (2020) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2263 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Mangelsdorf, J., Eid, M., & Luhmann, M. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/vkys2 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Götz, F. M., Bleidorn, W., & Rentfrow, P. J. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12545 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationDigital maturity: Development and validation of the Digital Maturity Inventory (DIMI)
Laaber, F., Florack, A., Koch, T., & Hubert, M. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.107709 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Personality development in emerging adulthood
Bleidorn, W., & Schwaba, T. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804674-6.00004-1 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationVecchione, M., Alessandri, G., Roccas, S., & Caprara, G. V. (2018) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12399 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Mõttus, R., Briley, D. A., Zheng, A., Mann, F. D., Engelhardt, L. E., Tackett, J. L., Harden, K. P., & Tucker–Drob, E. M. (2019) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000194 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Socioeconomic status and young people's digital maturity: The role of parental mediation
Koch, T., Laaber, F., & Florack, A. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108157 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Buchmann, M. C., & Steinhoff, A. (2017) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-017-0740-2 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Martin, J. S., Jaeggi, A. V., & Koski, S. E. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104980 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Asselmann, E., & Specht, J. (2021) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12640 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Income inequality predicts competitiveness and cooperativeness at school.
Sommet, N., Weissman, D. L., & Elliot, A. J. (2022) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/edu0000731 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Collective Stressors Affect the Psychosocial Development of Young Adults
Bühler, J. L., Hopwood, C. J., Nissen, A. T., & Bleidorn, W. (2022) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506221119018 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationBig Five Personality Stability, Change, and Codevelopment across Adolescence and Early AdulthoodPreprint
Borghuis, J., Denissen, J. J. A., Oberski, D. L., Sijtsma, K., Meeus, W., Branje, S., Koot, H. M., & Bleidorn, W. (2017) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/8pnvk · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationPersonality trait change at work: Associations with organizational socialization and identification
Alessandri, G., Perinelli, E., Robins, R. W., Vecchione, M., & Filosa, L. (2020) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12567 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Consistency and inconsistency among romantic partners over time.
Eastwick, P. W., Harden, K. P., Shukusky, J. A., Morgan, T. A., & Joel, S. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000087 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Beyond Big Five trait domains: Stability and change in personality facets across midlife and old age
Brandt, N. D., Drewelies, J., Willis, S. L., Schaie, K. W., Ram, N., Gerstorf, D., & Wagner, J. (2022) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12791 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Rohrer, J. M., Egloff, B., Kosiński, M., Stillwell, D. J., & Schmukle, S. C. (2017) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000142 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Michaeli, Y., Dickson, D. J., Hakhmigari, M. K., Scharf, M., & Shulman, S. (2019) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/2167696819882199 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Laaber, F., Koch, T., Hubert, M., & Florack, A. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2023.108077 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self–other agreement in personality development in romantic couples
Lenhausen, M. R., van Scheppingen, M. A., & Bleidorn, W. (2020) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/0890207020969011 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Policy Relevance of Personality TraitsPreprint
Bleidorn, W., Hill, P. L., Back, M. D., Denissen, J. J. A., Hennecke, M., Hopwood, C. J., Jokela, M. M., Kandler, C., Lucas, R. E., Luhmann, M., et al. (2019) · American Psychologist · doi:10.31234/osf.io/a9rbn · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationKudaibergenov, M. (2022) · International Journal of Educational Development · doi:10.1016/j.ijedudev.2022.102708 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Personality assessment in daily life
Allemand, M., & Mehl, M. R. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804674-6.00027-2 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Socially (dis)connected in a connected world: The role of young people's digital maturity
Koch, T., Laaber, F., Arenas, A. E., & Florack, A. (2024) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2024.108473 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Openness to Experience and Culture-Openness Transactions Across the LifespanPreprint
Schwaba, T., Luhmann, M., Denissen, J. J. A., Chung, J. M., & Bleidorn, W. (2017) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/u7tb2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationBühler, J. L., Weidmann, R., & Grob, A. (2020) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.2275 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Does degree completion improve non‐cognitive skills during early adulthood and adulthood?
Oi, K. (2019) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.12.001 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Deventer, J., Lüdtke, O., Nagy, G., Retelsdorf, J., & Wagner, J. (2018) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12336 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Müller, S., Wendt, L. P., & Zimmermann, J. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/jtc3s · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Cohort differences in personality
Hülür, G. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804674-6.00031-4 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Individual Differences in Personality Change Across the Adult LifespanPreprint
Schwaba, T., & Bleidorn, W. (2017) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/83yjh · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationSkinner, K. D., & Veilleux, J. C. (2016) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2016.1168448 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
HOW PRIOR KNOWLEDGE, PROSPECT, AND LEARNING BEHAVIOUR DETERMINE LEARNING OUTCOMES OF BIPA STUDENTS?
Suyitno, I., Pratiwi, Y., Roekhan, R., & Martutik, M. (2019) · Jurnal Cakrawala Pendidikan · doi:10.21831/cp.v38i3.27045 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Chen, X., Ding, Z., Gao, Y., Zhang, H., & Dong, Y. (2024) · Information Fusion · doi:10.1016/j.inffus.2024.102680 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Stone, R., & Rydberg, J. (2019) · Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology · doi:10.1007/s40865-019-00123-6 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Lenz, M. V., Schmidt, S. L., & Schreyer, D. (2020) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2020.1730761 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
de Vries, J. H., Horstmann, K. T., & Mussel, P. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03829-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Michaeli, Y., Hakhmigari, M. K., Dickson, D. J., Scharf, M., & Shulman, S. (2018) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12433 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Clark, D. A., Durbin, C. E., Heitzeg, M. M., Iacono, W. G., McGue, M. K., & Hicks, B. M. (2022) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12741 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Hotze, M. L., Liu, Z., Chu, C., Baranski, E. N., & Hoff, K. A. (2024) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12922 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Marshall, S., Rea, M., & Reese, E. (2024) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2024.104545 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Age differences in broader autism phenotype traits from young adulthood to older adulthood
Chopik, W. J., Oh, J., Nuttall, A. K., Thakkar, K. N., & Ingersoll, B. R. (2021) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2504 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Utesch, K., Breil, S. M., Hutteman, R., Nestler, S., Küfner, A. C. P., & Back, M. D. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/gnbm8 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Chew, H. S. J., Ang, W. H. D., Rusli, K. D. B., Liaw, S. Y., Ang, E. N. K., & Lau, Y. (2023) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2023.105996 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Hopwood, C. J., Schwaba, T., Wright, A. G. C., Bleidorn, W., & Zanarini, M. C. (2021) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070211012918 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationDeventer, J., Humberg, S., Lüdtke, O., Nagy, G., Retelsdorf, J., & Wagner, J. (2019) · Collabra Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.214 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Neumann, C. S. (2020) · Personality Neuroscience · doi:10.1017/pen.2020.8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Kramer, H. J., Wood, T. D., Lara, K. H., & Lagattuta, K. H. (2020) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2020.100975 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Healthy Personality from a Basic Trait PerspectivePreprint
Bleidorn, W., Hopwood, C. J., Ackerman, R. A., Witt, E. A., Kandler, C., Riemann, R., Samuel, D. B., & Donnellan, B. M. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/prdnf · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationIncome Inequality Predicts Competitiveness and Cooperativeness at SchoolPreprint
Sommet, N., Weissman, D. L., & Elliot, A. J. (2021) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/k6x9s · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Dacka, M., & Rydz, E. (2023) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel14010078 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Joyal‐Desmarais, K., Euh, H., Scharmer, A., & Snyder, M. (2024) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.3110 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Beyond change: Personality‐environment alignment at work
Öneş, D. S., Stanek, K. C., & Dilchert, S. (2024) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.12507 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gvirtz, A., Montecchi, M., Selby, A., & Götz, F. M. (2025) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672241312570 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Laceulle, O. M., Stellar, J. E., Alajak, K., Alisic, E., Sawaf, Z. A., Meijer, L., Moopen, N., Mooren, T. T. M., Özoruç, İ., Rahim, H. F., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070221081316 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Core Self–Other Dimension of Personality Functioning
Hopwood, C. J., Fox, S. E., Bender, D. S., & Zimmermann, J. (2021) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190092689.013.5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Big Five Personality Traits (OCEAN) and Financial Planning
Campbell, W., Exley, J., & Doyle, P. (2023) · Financial Services Review · doi:10.61190/fsr.v31i4.3178 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hang, Y., Speyer, L. G., Murray, A. L., Michelle Luciano, A., & Mõttus, R. (2023) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12809 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Are Children's Socio-Emotional Skills Shaped by Parental Health Shocks?Preprint
García‐Miralles, E., & Gensowski, M. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4189230 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Bleidorn, W., Hopwood, C. J., Back, M. D., Denissen, J. J. A., Hennecke, M., Jokela, M. M., Kandler, C., Lucas, R. E., Luhmann, M., Orth, U., et al. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/krfw9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Heritability of Self-Control: a Meta-AnalysisPreprint
Willems, Y. E., Boesen, N., Li, J., Bartels, M., & Finkenauer, C. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/eaz3d · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sikand, M., Bhola, P., & Meena, K. S. (2025) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.70009 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Effects of Reference Group Instructions on Big Five Trait Scores
Lenhausen, M. R., Bleidorn, W., & Hopwood, C. J. (2023) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911231175850 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationLeikas, S., Lahti‐Pulkkinen, M., & Räikkönen, K. (2022) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070221098908 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Hofmans, J., Vergauwe, J., & Clercq, B. J. D. (2023) · Personality Disorders Theory Research and Treatment · doi:10.1037/per0000597 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The prototypical parent personality
Lenhausen, M. R., Hopwood, C. J., van Scheppingen, M. A., & Bleidorn, W. (2022) · Personality Science · doi:10.5964/ps.6269 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroticism/Negative Affectivity
Watson, D. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108140416.005 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Personality Development in Adolescence and Young Adulthood
Klimstra, T. A., Borghuis, J., & Bleidorn, W. (2018) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781526451200.n11 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationA New Lens on Emerging Adulthood
Shulman, S. (2023) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780190841836.001.0001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Neighborhood Contexts, Family Characteristics, and Non-Cognitive Skills among Adolescents
Pai, M., Barr, P. B., & Schnellinger, R. P. (2023) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2023.2292233 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Secular changes in personality: An age-period-cohort analysis
Ion, A., Gunnesch‐Luca, G., Petre, D., & Iliescu, D. (2022) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104280 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Personality maturation among emerging adults and future career success
Hakhmigari, M. K., Michaeli, Y., Dickson, D. J., Scharf, M., & Shulman, S. (2019) · Career Development International · doi:10.1108/cdi-03-2018-0067 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
- Authors
- Bleidorn, W.
- Affiliations
- Tilburg University (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Bleidorn, Wiebke
- ORCID
- Bleidorn, Wiebke
- Venue
- Current Directions in Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-06
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 245-252
- ISSN
- 0963-7214 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-8721
- OpenAlex
- W2215561766
- Cited by
- 153
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 17.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Current Directions in Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- Research portal (Tilburg University) (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Ego Development and Educational Practices
- Keywords
- personality maturation, early adulthood, personality development, social maturity, personality traits, behavioral genetics, longitudinal development, cross-cultural comparison
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
