Dimensionality of helicopter parenting and relations to emotional, decision-making, and academic functioning in emerging adults

Luebbe, Aaron M.; Mancini, Kathryn J.; Kiel, Elizabeth J.; Spangler, Brooke R.; Semlak, Julie L.; Fussner, Lauren M.

doi:10.1177/1073191116665907

Cited by 121Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentPsychometric Methodologies and TestingParental Involvement in Education

Dimensionality of helicopter parenting and relations to emotional, decision-making, and academic functioning in emerging adults

Luebbe, Aaron M., Mancini, Kathryn J., Kiel, Elizabeth J., Spangler, Brooke R., Semlak, Julie L., Fussner, Lauren M.·2018·Assessment

DOI 10.1177/1073191116665907

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Abstract

The current study tests the underlying structure of a multidimensional construct of helicopter parenting (HP), assesses reliability of the construct, replicates past relations of HP to poor emotional functioning, and expands the literature to investigate links of HP to emerging adults' decision-making and academic functioning. A sample of 377 emerging adults (66% female; ages 17-30; 88% European American) were administered several items assessing HP as well as measures of other parenting behaviors, depression, anxiety, decision-making style, grade point average, and academic functioning. Exploratory factor analysis results suggested a four-factor, 23-item measure that encompassed varying levels of parental involvement in the personal and professional lives of their children. A bifactor model was also fit to the data and suggested the presence of a reliable overarching HP factor in addition to three reliable subfactors. The fourth subfactor was not reliable and item variances were subsumed by the general HP factor. HP was found to be distinct from, but correlated in expected ways with, other reports of parenting behavior. HP was also associated with poorer functioning in emotional functioning, decision making, and academic functioning. Parents' information-seeking behaviors, when done in absences of other HP behaviors, were associated with better decision making and academic functioning.

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Higher scores of helicopter parenting was associated with greater levels of anxiety symptoms.
“Higher scores of helicopter parenting was associated with greater levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Luebbe et al. (2018)
Higher scores of helicopter parenting was associated with greater levels of depressive symptoms.
“Higher scores of helicopter parenting was associated with greater levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Luebbe et al. (2018)
Helicopter parenting was found to have a direct relationship with anxiety in 5 of the studies.
“Helicopter parenting was found to have a direct relationship with anxiety in 5 of the studies (Kouros et al., 2017; Luebbe et al., 2018; Cui et al., 2019; Hong and Cui, 2019; Schiffrin et al., 2019).”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Luebbe et al., 2018
Nine of 11 studies investigating the relationship between helicopter parenting and depression found an effect.
“Nine of 11 studies investigating the relationship between helicopter parenting and depression, found an effect”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Luebbe et al., 2018

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Authors: Luebbe, A. M., Mancini, K. J., Kiel, E. J., Spangler, B. R., Semlak, J. L., & Fussner, L. M.
Affiliations: Miami University (US)
Clark State Community College (US)
Corresponding author: Luebbe, Aaron M.
ORCID: Luebbe, Aaron M.
Mancini, Kathryn J.
Kiel, Elizabeth J.
Fussner, Lauren M.
Venue: Assessment
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2016-08-24
Volume: 25
Issue: 7
Pages: 841-857
ISSN: 1073-1911 (ISSN-L)
1552-3489
DOI: 10.1177/1073191116665907
OpenAlex: W2516884230
Cited by: 121
References: 55
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1
FWCI: 6.24
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Assessment (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Education › Parental Involvement in Education
Keywords: helicopter parenting, emerging adults, emotional functioning, depression, anxiety, decision-making styles, academic functioning, grade point average, parental involvement, parental behavior, bifactor model, construct reliability, parental information seeking
MeSH terms: Academic Success, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Decision Making, Depression, Emotions, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Human Development, Male, Reproducibility of Results, Parenting, Personal Autonomy, Young Adult

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Dimensionality of helicopter parenting and relations to emotional, decision-making, and academic functioning in emerging adults

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