Long-Term Outcomes of ADHD: A Systematic Review of Self-Esteem and Social Function
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Objective: To compare the long-term self-esteem and social function outcomes of individuals with untreated and treated ADHD across childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Method: A systematic search of 12 databases was performed to identify peer-reviewed, primary research articles, published January 1980 to December 2011, reporting long-term self-esteem and/or social function outcomes (≥2 years; life consequences distinct from symptoms) of individuals with untreated or treated ADHD. Results: Overall, 127 studies reported 150 outcomes. Most outcomes were poorer in individuals with untreated ADHD versus non-ADHD controls (57% [13/23] for self-esteem; 73% [52/71] for social function). A beneficial response to treatment (pharmacological, nonpharmacological, and multimodal treatments) was reported for the majority of self-esteem (89% [8/9]) and social function (77% [17/22]) outcomes. Conclusion: Untreated ADHD was associated with poorer long-term self-esteem and social function outcomes compared with non-ADHD controls. Treatment for ADHD was associated with improvement in outcomes; however, further long-term outcome studies are needed.
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Lower ratings of self-esteem in ADHD patients compared to healthy controls, regardless of ADHD subtypes, have been reported.
“Lower ratings of self-esteem in ADHD patients compared to the healthy control, regardless of ADHD subtypes, have been reported in previous studies [26–28].”
From ADHD subtype-specific cognitive correlates and association with self-esteem: a quantitative difference (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
The Untreated ADHD Outcomes section reports that 57% of self-esteem outcomes were poorer for people with untreated ADHD than for non-ADHD controls. The paper does not establish that this holds regardless of ADHD subtype; it also reports that most self-esteem outcomes after treatment were similar to controls. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTreatment of ADHD symptoms was associated with improvement of self-esteem scores.
“These studies also showed that the treatment of ADHD symptoms was associated with the improvement of self-esteem scores [27] suggesting that self-esteem and ADHD symptoms (including cognitive deficits) are relevant for treatment efficacy.”
From ADHD subtype-specific cognitive correlates and association with self-esteem: a quantitative difference (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
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- Authors
- Harpin, V., Mazzone, L., Raynaud, J. P., Kahle, J., & Hodgkins, P.
- Affiliations
- Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IT)
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (FR)
- BPS International, San Diego, CA, USA
- Shire Development, LLC, Wayne, PA, USA
- Corresponding author
- Harpin, V.
- Venue
- Journal of Attention Disorders
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-05-22
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 295-305
- ISSN
- 1087-0547 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-1246
- OpenAlex
- W2113615951
- Cited by
- 370
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 60 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 6 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 5.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Journal of Attention Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Cineca Institutional Research Information System (Tor Vergata University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Shire
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, long-term outcomes, self-esteem, social function, untreated ADHD, ADHD treatment, pharmacotherapy, non-pharmacological treatment, multimodal therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Combined Modality Therapy, Humans, Male, Personality Disorders, Self Concept, Social Adjustment, Social Behavior, Treatment Outcome
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