The quality of life of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review
Open accessAbstract
Quality of life (QoL) describes an individual's subjective perception of their position in life as evidenced by their physical, psychological, and social functioning. QoL has become an increasingly important measure of outcome in child mental health clinical work and research. Here we provide a systematic review of QoL studies in children and young people with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and address three main questions. (1) What is the impact of ADHD on QoL? (2) What are the relationships between ADHD symptoms, functional impairment and the mediators and moderators of QoL in ADHD? (3) Does the treatment of ADHD impact on QoL? Databases were systematically searched to identify research studies describing QoL in ADHD. Thirty six relevant articles were identified. Robust negative effects on QoL are reported by the parents of children with ADHD across a broad range of psycho-social, achievement and self evaluation domains. Children with ADHD rate their own QoL less negatively than their parents and do not always seeing themselves as functioning less well than healthy controls. ADHD has a comparable overall impact on QoL compared to other mental health conditions and severe physical disorders. Increased symptom level and impairment predicts poorer QoL. The presence of comorbid conditions or psychosocial stressors helps explain these effects. There is emerging evidence that QoL improves with effective treatment. In conclusion, ADHD seriously compromises QoL especially when seen from a parents' perspective. QoL outcomes should be included as a matter of course in future treatment studies.
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Children with ADHD also rated their HRQOL to be lower than that of their peers without ADHD.
“Children with ADHD also rated their HRQOL to be lower than that of their peers without ADHD 225 .”
From Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2015) · cites this paper as [225]
In “QoL in children with ADHD compared to healthy children,” the review reports several studies in which children with ADHD rated their QoL lower than healthy controls. Its summary also says that children did not always report impaired QoL: two studies using the CHQ found no group difference. The unqualified claim therefore overstates the consistency of the self-report findings. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThese functional impairments reduce the psychological and social well-being and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of patients with ADHD.
“These functional impairments reduce the psycho logical and social well-being and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of patients with ADHD 225 .”
From Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2015) · cites this paper as [225]
The review’s section on factors related to QoL (page not available) says increased impairment predicts poorer QoL in children with ADHD. Its comparison with healthy children also reports substantial reductions in psychosocial QoL. The claim goes further by saying functional impairments reduce well-being and HRQOL as a causal finding, and by extending the finding from children to patients with ADHD generally. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredHyperactivity/inattention is related to long-term poorer educational attainment, substance use disorders, and poorer quality of life.
“Overall, this potential protective association between reading and hyperactivity is important given that hyperactivity/inattention is related to long-term poorer educational attainment, substance use disorders, and poorer quality of life (Danckaerts et al., 2010; Hechtman et al., 2016; Pingault et al., 2011).”
From Longitudinal associations between reading for pleasure and child maladjustment: Results from a propensity score matching analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Danckaerts et al., 2010
The Introduction (page unavailable) links ADHD with educational under-achievement and increased long-term risk of substance abuse, and says ADHD can reduce children’s quality of life. It does not establish that poorer quality of life is a long-term outcome, or that these findings apply to hyperactivity/inattention outside an ADHD diagnosis. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the pan-European ADORE study, parents reported low HRQOL for their children across a broad range of psychosocial, achievement and self-evaluation domains, which accords with findings from clinical studies.
“in the pan-European ADHD Observational Research in Europe (ADORE) study, parents reported low HRQOL for their children across a broad range of psycho social, achievement and self-evaluation domains, which accords with findings from clinical studies 225,226 .”
From Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2015) · cites this paper as [225]
ADHD is associated with lower HRQOL across a broad range of psychosocial, achievement and self-evaluation domains.
“This review of 36 studies found that ADHD is associated with lower HRQOL across a broad range of psychosocial, achievement and self-evaluation domains.”
From Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2015) · cites this paper as [225]
The effect of ADHD on HRQOL is similar to that of other mental health conditions and severe physical disorders.
“The effect of ADHD on HRQOL was similar to that of other mental health conditions and severe physical disorders.”
From Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2015) · cites this paper as [225]
Higher numbers of ADHD symptoms and impairments predict poorer HRQOL.
“Higher numbers ofADHD symptoms and impairments predicted poorer HRQOL.”
From Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (2015) · cites this paper as [225]
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“Moreover, at least in children with ADHD, the overall impact of the disease is comparable to other major psychiatric disorders or to severe physical conditions (Biederman et al. 2006a; Danckaerts et al. 2010).”
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- Authors
- Danckaerts, M., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Banaschewski, T., Buitelaar, J., Döpfner, M., Hollis, C., Santosh, P., Rothenberger, A., Sergeant, J., Steinhausen, H.-C., Taylor, E., Zuddas, A., & Coghill, D.
- Affiliations
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (BE)
- Ghent University (BE)
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- University of Cologne (DE)
- University of Nottingham (GB)
- Great Ormond Street Hospital (GB)
- University of Göttingen (DE)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- University of Cagliari (IT)
- University of Dundee (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Coghill, David
- ORCID
- Venue
- European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
- Published
- 2009-07-26
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 83-105
- ISSN
- 1018-8827 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-165X
- PMC
- PMC3128746
- OpenAlex
- W1989444430
- Cited by
- 516
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 38 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 2.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- GRO (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Social Science Open Access Repository (GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences) (submittedVersion)
- GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari) (submittedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Trinity's Access to Research Output (TARA) (Trinity College Dublin) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Cilag
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, quality of life, children and young people, parent-reported outcomes, child self-perception, functional disability, ADHD symptoms, comorbidities, psychosocial stressors
- MeSH terms
- Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Family, Health Status, Humans, Quality of Life, Self Concept, Severity of Illness Index, Social Environment
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