The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Surveying the Moral Landscape: Moral Motives and Group-Based Moralities
Abstract
We present a new six-cell Model of Moral Motives that applies a fundamental motivational distinction in psychology to the moral domain. In addition to moral motives focused on the self or another, we propose two group-based moralities, both communal in orientation, but reflecting distinct moral motives (Social Order/Communal Solidarity vs. Social Justice/Communal Responsibility) as well as differences in construals of group entitativity. The two group-based moralities have implications for intragroup homogeneity as well as intergroup conflict. Our model challenges the conclusions of Haidt and colleagues that only conservatives (not liberals) are group oriented and embrace a binding morality. We explore the implications of this new model for politics in particular and for the self-regulation versus social regulation of morality more generally.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I
Hamilton, W. D. (1964) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4 · Cited by 15,725
The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism
Trivers, R. L. (1971) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/406755 · Cited by 11,010
A Theory of Justice: Revised Edition
Rawls, J. (1999) · doi:10.4159/9780674042582 · Cited by 9,455
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Finkenauer, C., & Vohs, K. D. (2001) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.5.4.323 · Cited by 7,678
Higgins, E. T. (1997) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.52.12.1280 · Cited by 6,775
Altruistic punishment in humans
Fehr, E., & Gächter, S. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/415137a · Cited by 5,616
Political conservatism as motivated social cognition.
Jost, J. T., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. W., & Sulloway, F. J. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.3.339 · Cited by 4,904 · cited 1×
“In general, conservatives are higher on threat sensitivity (Jost et al., 2003), which is associated with inhibition-based avoidance motivation, whereas liberals are higher on Openness to Experience (McCrae, 1996), which is linked to activationbased approach motivation.”
BackgroundLiberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations.
Graham, J., Haidt, J., & Nosek, B. A. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015141 · Cited by 4,560
Gray, J. A. (1982) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00013066 · Cited by 4,477 · cited 1×
“…distinction in the motivation and self-regulation of behavior—approach versus avoidance, or behavioral activation versus inhibition (Carver, 2006; Carver & Scheier, 1998; J. A. Gray, 1982, 1990; Higgins, 1997, 1998; for reviews, see Carver & Scheier, 2008, and Gable, Reis, & Elliot, 2003).”
Negativity Bias, Negativity Dominance, and Contagion
Rozin, P., & Royzman, E. B. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0504_2 · Cited by 4,342
On the Self-Regulation of Behavior
Carver, C. S., & Scheier, M. F. (1998) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139174794 · Cited by 4,110
Power, approach, and inhibition.
Keltner, D., Gruenfeld, D. H., & Anderson, C. (2003) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.110.2.265 · Cited by 3,427
Who is this "We"? Levels of collective identity and self representations.
Brewer, M. B., & Gardner, W. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.71.1.83 · Cited by 3,401 · cited 1×
“And the considerable work on social identity by Brewer and colleagues (Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Sedikides & Brewer, 2001) relies on the same three categories; that is, they distinguish between the individual self, the relational self, and the collective self as three fundamental ways people…”
BackgroundSocial capital, income inequality, and mortality.
Kawachi, I., Kennedy, B. P., Lochner, K., & Prothrow-Stith, D. (1997) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.87.9.1491 · Cited by 3,212
Evolution of indirect reciprocity
Nowak, M. A., & Sigmund, K. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04131 · Cited by 2,762
Graham, J., Nosek, B. A., Haidt, J., Iyer, R., Koleva, S., & Ditto, P. H. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021847 · Cited by 2,666
Individualism-collectivism and personality
Triandis, H. C. (2001) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/1467-6494.696169 · Cited by 2,589
Putting the Altruism Back into Altruism: The Evolution of Empathy
de Waal, F. B. M. (2008) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093625 · Cited by 2,483 · cited 1×
“…reciprocity).4 Recently, however, we have begun to witness a sea-change, with altruism acknowledged as a true and fundamental side of human nature (see, for example, Batson, 1998; Bowles, 2006; Boyd, 2006; de Waal, 2008; Keltner, 2009; Nowak & Highfield, 2011; Sober & Wilson, 1998; Wilson, 2012).”
BackgroundWhen Morality Opposes Justice: Conservatives Have Moral Intuitions that Liberals may not Recognize
Haidt, J., & Graham, J. (2007) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/s11211-007-0034-z · Cited by 2,385
Brain Systems that Mediate both Emotion and Cognition
Gray, J. A. (1990) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939008410799 · Cited by 1,400
Toward a Measure of Patriotic and Nationalistic Attitudes
Kosterman, R., & Feshbach, S. (1989) · Political Psychology · doi:10.2307/3791647 · Cited by 1,225 · cited 1×
“It represents a darker side of Social Order-based morality (Kosterman & Feshbach, 1989; Schatz, Staub, & Lavine, 1999).”
BackgroundNot all emotions are created equal: The negativity bias in social–emotional development
Vaish, A., Grossmann, T., & Woodward, A. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.3.383 · Cited by 1,191
Mind Perception Is the Essence of Morality
Gray, K., Young, L., & Waytz, A. (2012) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2012.651387 · Cited by 1,008 · cited 2×
“Furthermore, in his recent book, despite his acknowledgment of group selection, Haidt (2012) explicitly argues for a Glauconian perspective, one based on recognizing the primary role of individual self-interest and the desire to appear good rather than be good; that is, we are selfless and caring when our reputations…”
BackgroundRai, T. S., & Fiske, A. P. (2011) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0021867 · Cited by 887
Beyond beliefs: Religions bind individuals into moral communities
Graham, J., & Haidt, J. (2010) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868309353415 · Cited by 842 · cited 1×
“Given Haidt’s own label of purity as a binding morality, we include it in the group solidarity cell as well (also see Graham & Haidt, 2010, on the role of purity practices in religion).”
Landau, M. J., Solomon, S., Greenberg, J., Cohen, F., Pyszczynski, T., Arndt, J., Miller, C. H., Ogilvie, D. M., & Cook, A. (2004) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167204267988 · Cited by 663
Shared Virtue: The Convergence of Valued Human Strengths across Culture and History
Dahlsgaard, K., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/1089-2680.9.3.203 · Cited by 613
Group Competition, Reproductive Leveling, and the Evolution of Human Altruism
Bowles, S. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1134829 · Cited by 604
Approach, Avoidance, and the Self-Regulation of Affect and Action
Carver, C. S. (2006) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-006-9044-7 · Cited by 602
Conservatives are more easily disgusted than liberals
Inbar, Y., Pizarro, D. A., & Bloom, P. (2009) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930802110007 · Cited by 574
Disgust Sensitivity, Political Conservatism, and Voting
Inbar, Y., Pizarro, D., Iyer, R., & Haidt, J. (2012) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550611429024 · Cited by 358
Group morality and intergroup relations: Cross-cultural and experimental evidence
Cohen, T. R., Montoya, R. M., & Insko, C. A. (2006) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167206291673 · Cited by 163
Cited by
The cultural evolution of prosocial religions
Norenzayan, A., Shariff, A. F., Gervais, W. M., Willard, A. K., McNamara, R. A., Slingerland, E., & Henrich, J. (2016) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x14001356 · Cited by 934
Malle, B. F., Guglielmo, S., & Monroe, A. E. (2014) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2014.877340 · Cited by 632
Hofmann, W., Wisneski, D. C., Brandt, M. J., & Skitka, L. J. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1251560 · Cited by 575
Twentieth century morality: The rise and fall of moral concepts from 1900 to 2007
Wheeler, M. A., McGrath, M. J., & Haslam, N. (2019) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212267 · Cited by 98
“Further research using dictionaries based on alternative moral schema such as Janoff-Bulman and Carnes’ Model of Moral Motives [35] might reinforce the historical patterns suggested by our data or illuminate other trajectories of moral language.”
MethodThe Nature and Role of Morality in Offending: A Moral Foundations Approach
Silver, J. R., & Silver, E. (2021) · Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0022427820960201 · Cited by 41
Metadata
- Authors
- Janoff-Bulman, R., & Carnes, N. C.
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-03-16
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 219-236
- ISSN
- 1088-8683 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-7957
- OpenAlex
- W2109884117
- Cited by
- 254
- References
- 32
- FWCI
- 11.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.