Impairments in cognitive empathy and alexithymia occur independently of executive functioning in college students with autism
Open accessAbstract
Reduced empathy and alexithymic traits are common across the autism spectrum, but it is unknown whether this is also true for intellectually advanced adults with autism spectrum disorder. The aim of this study was to examine whether college students with autism spectrum disorder experience difficulties with empathy and alexithymia, and whether this is associated with their cognitive levels of executive functioning. In total, 53 college students with autism spectrum disorder were compared to a gender-matched group of 29 neurotypical students on cognitive and affective dimensions of empathy and alexithymia. In addition, cognitive performance on executive functioning was measured with computerized and paper-and-pencil tasks. The autism spectrum disorder group scored significantly lower on cognitive empathy and higher on cognitive alexithymia (both d = 0.65). The difference on cognitive empathy also remained significant after controlling for levels of cognitive alexithymia. There were no group differences on affective empathy and alexithymia. No significant relations between executive functioning and cognitive alexithymia or cognitive empathy were detected. Together, these findings suggest that intellectually advanced individuals with autism spectrum disorder experience serious impairments in the cognitive processing of social–emotional information. However, these impairments cannot be attributed to individual levels of cognitive executive functioning.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
People with ALTs have difficulty identifying, verbalizing, and analyzing emotions, suggesting that medical students with ALTs may struggle with reporting emotional exhaustion.
“People with ALTs have difficulty identifying, verbalizing, and analyzing emotions [60], suggesting that afflicted medical students may struggle with reporting emotional exhaustion.”
From The mediating role of psychological flexibility in the association of autistic-like traits with burnout and depression in medical students during clinical clerkships in Japan: a university-based cross-sectional study (2023) · cites this paper as [60]
The paper describes cognitive alexithymia as difficulty identifying, verbalizing, and analyzing emotions. But its Results find a significant difference for verbalizing, a trend for identifying, and no significant difference for analyzing in college students with ASD. The suggestion about medical students reporting emotional exhaustion is the citing authors’ inference, not a finding of this study. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAlexithymia has been identified as predictive of using self-harm to regulate emotions, especially those related to high-energy affective states.
“Alexithymia, in particular, a prevalent trait in ASD (Kinnaird et al., 2019; Ziermans et al., 2019), has been identified as predictive of using self-harm to regulate emotions, especially those related to high-energy affective states (Moseley et al., 2019).”
From Feasibility, Acceptability and Preliminary Efficacy of Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Autistic Adults without Intellectual Disability: A Mixed Methods Study (2022) · cites this paper as Ziermans et al., 2019
All measures were self-reported, which can be problematic since autistic individuals might present with high levels of alexithymia, which can interfere with ability to recognize emotional states.
“Fifth, all the measures were self-reported. This can be particularly problematic since autistic individuals might present with high levels of alexithymia, which can interfere with their ability to recognize their emotional states (Kinnaird et al., 2019; Ziermans et al., 2019).”
From Feasibility, Acceptability and Preliminary Efficacy of Dialectical Behavior Therapy for Autistic Adults without Intellectual Disability: A Mixed Methods Study (2022) · cites this paper as Ziermans et al., 2019
Cognitive fusion may be more pronounced than obstruction of values in medical students with ALTs.
“This characteristic suggests that cognitive fusion may be more pronounced than obstruction of values [60].”
From The mediating role of psychological flexibility in the association of autistic-like traits with burnout and depression in medical students during clinical clerkships in Japan: a university-based cross-sectional study (2023) · cites this paper as [60]
The Discussion describes cognitive alexithymia and empathy in college students with autism, not cognitive fusion or obstruction of values. Searches for those terms and for medical students with ALTs found no passage addressing the claimed comparison. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences
Muller, K. E., & Cohen, J. (1989) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1270020 · Cited by 99,588 · see citing works
Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach.
Davis, M. H. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.44.1.113 · Cited by 10,272 · see citing works
Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/b:jadd.0000022607.19833.00 · Cited by 4,093 · see citing works
Multiple imputation by chained equations: what is it and how does it work?
Azur, M. J., Stuart, E. A., Frangakis, C., & Leaf, P. J. (2011) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.329 · Cited by 3,542 · see citing works
How Many Imputations are Really Needed? Some Practical Clarifications of Multiple Imputation Theory
Graham, J. W., Olchowski, A. E., & Gilreath, T. D. (2007) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-007-0070-9 · Cited by 2,795 · cited 1× · see citing works
“The pattern of missing values was random, based on Little’s MCAR test, and MICE was used to generate a recommended number of 40 imputed data sets (Graham et al., 2007) for subsequent pooled statistics.”
MethodRedefine statistical significance
Benjamin, D. J., Berger, J. O., Johannesson, M., Nosek, B. A., Wagenmakers, E.-J., Berk, R., Bollen, K. A., Brembs, B., Brown, L., Camerer, C., et al. (2017) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0189-z · Cited by 2,772 · see citing works
Individual Differences in Inhibitory Control and Children's Theory of Mind
Carlson, S. M., & Moses, L. J. (2001) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00333 · Cited by 2,072 · see citing works
Executive function deficits in high-functioning autistic individuals: Relationship to theory of mind
Ozonoff, S., Pennington, B. F., & Rogers, S. J. (1991) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb00351.x · Cited by 1,766 · see citing works
(2008) · Australian journal of advanced nursing · Cited by 1,687 · see citing works
Australian Journal of Advanced Nursing
(2020) · Australian journal of advanced nursing · doi:10.37464/2020 · Cited by 1,596 · see citing works
Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12001 · Cited by 1,381 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It is well documented that such measures correlate low with, for example, informant-based ratings of EF (e.g. Dekker et al., 2017; Toplak et al., 2013) and others have previously highlighted the difficulty of interpreting different types of EF measures in ASD (Kenworthy et al., 2008).”
BackgroundBlair, R. J. R. (2005) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2005.06.004 · Cited by 1,365 · see citing works
Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2011) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858410379268 · Cited by 1,059 · see citing works
Dziobek, I., Rogers, K., Fleck, S., Bahnemann, M., Heekeren, H. R., Wolf, O. T., & Convit, A. (2008) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-007-0486-x · Cited by 951 · see citing works
Evaluating the theory of executive dysfunction in autism
Hill, E. L. (2004) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2004.01.001 · Cited by 846 · see citing works
Autism spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis of executive function
Demetriou, E. A., Lampit, A., Quintana, D. S., Naismith, S. L., Song, Y. J. C., Pye, J. E., Hickie, I., & Guastella, A. J. (2018) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2017.75 · Cited by 841 · see citing works
Executive function in preschoolers: Links with theory of mind and verbal ability
Hughes, C. H. (1998) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-835x.1998.tb00921.x · Cited by 715 · see citing works
Depression is strongly associated with alexithymia in the general population
Honkalampi, K. M., Hintikka, J., Tanskanen, A. J., Lehtonen, J., & Viinamäki, H. T. (2000) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(99)00083-5 · Cited by 663 · see citing works
Empathic brain responses in insula are modulated by levels of alexithymia but not autism
Bird, G., Silani, G., Brindley, R., White, S., Frith, U., & Singer, T. (2010) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awq060 · Cited by 655 · see citing works
Mind Blindness and the Brain in Autism
Frith, U. (2001) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00552-9 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
Hill, E., Berthoz, S., & Frith, U. (2004) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1023/b:jadd.0000022613.41399.14 · Cited by 619 · see citing works
Validity and reliability of the Bermond-Vorst Alexithymia Questionnaire
Vorst, H. C. M., & Bermond, B. (2001) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(00)00033-7 · Cited by 608 · see citing works
Mixed emotions: the contribution of alexithymia to the emotional symptoms of autism
Bird, G., & Cook, R. (2013) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2013.61 · Cited by 592 · see citing works
Salminen, J. K., Saarijãrvi, S., Äärelä, E., Toikka, T., & Kauhanen, J. (1999) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3999(98)00053-1 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
Dissecting the neural mechanisms mediating empathy
Decety, J. (2011) · Emotion Review · doi:10.1177/1754073910374662 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Intergenerational transmission of subthreshold autistic traits in the general population
Constantino, J. N., & Todd, R. D. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.12.014 · Cited by 519 · see citing works
Understanding Executive Control in Autism Spectrum Disorders in the Lab and in the Real World
Kenworthy, L., Yerys, B. E., Anthony, L. G., & Wallace, G. L. (2008) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-008-9077-7 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Executive function and theory of mind. Predictive relations from ages 2 to 4
Hughes, C., & Ensor, R. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.6.1447 · Cited by 453 · see citing works
Self-Referential Cognition and Empathy in Autism
Lombardo, M. V., Barnes, J. L., Wheelwright, S. J., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2007) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000883 · Cited by 439 · see citing works
Berthoz, S., & Hill, E. L. (2005) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2004.06.013 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Old wine in new skins: Grouping Wechsler subtests into new scales.
Tellegen, A., & Briggs, P. F. (1967) · Journal of Consulting Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0024963 · Cited by 393 · see citing works
Rajendran, G., & Mitchell, P. (2007) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2007.02.001 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Who Cares? Revisiting Empathy in Asperger Syndrome
Rogers, K., Dziobek, I., Hassenstab, J., Wolf, O. T., & Convit, A. (2007) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0197-8 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Theory of Mind and Self-Control: More than a Common Problem of Inhibition
Perner, J., Lang, B., & Kloo, D. (2002) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00436 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Multiple Imputation for Statistical Disclosure Limitation
Raghunathan, T., Reiter, J. P., & Rubin, D. B. (2003) · Journal of Official Statistics · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Shanafelt, T. D., West, C. P., Zhao, X., Novotny, P. J., Kolars, J. C., Habermann, T. M., & Sloan, J. A. (2005) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.0108.x · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Relationship between increased personal well-being and enhanced empathy among
Shanafelt, T. D., West, C. P., Zhao, X., Novotny, P. J., Kolars, J. C., Habermann, T. M., & Sloan, J. A. (2005) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-005-0102-8 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Pellicano, E. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.974 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
Corte, K. D., Buysse, A., Verhofstadt, L., Roeyers, H., Ponnet, K. S., & Davis, M. H. (2007) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb-47-4-235 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Alexithymia and Interpersonal Problems
Spitzer, C., Siebel, U., Barnow, S., Grabe, H. J., & Freyberger, H. J. (2005) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000085148 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Bonnie Auyeung, B., Wheelwright, S. J., Allison, C. L., Atkinson, M., Samarawickrema, N., & Baron‐Cohen, S. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0772-x · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Catalog of selected documents in psychology-1976
(1976) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e465552008-001 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Pellicano, E. (2010) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0018287 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
JOSEPH, R. M., & TAGER–FLUSBERG, H. (2004) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s095457940404444x · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Adreon, D., & Durocher, J. S. (2007) · Intervention in School and Clinic · doi:10.1177/10534512070420050201 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Effects of an emotional intelligence intervention on aggression and empathy among adolescents
Castillo, R., Salguero, J. M., Fernández‐Berrocal, P., & Balluerka, N. (2013) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.07.001 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Wallace, G. L., Kenworthy, L., Pugliese, C. E., Popal, H. S., White, E. I., Brodsky, E., & Martin, A. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2655-7 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Norris, G., & Tate, R. L. (2000) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/096020100389282 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Brief report: Planning problems in autism at the level of motor control
Hughes, C. (1996) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/bf02276237 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Alexithymia and interpersonal problems
Vanheule, S., Desmet, M., Meganck, R., & Bogaerts, S. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.20324 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Executive processes in Asperger syndrome: Patterns of performance in a multiple case series
Hill, E. L., & Bird, C. M. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.06.007 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Empathy and emotion recognition in people with autism, first-degree relatives, and controls
Sucksmith, E., Allison, C. L., Baron‐Cohen, S., Chakrabarti, B., & Hoekstra, R. A. (2012) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.11.013 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Executive function mechanisms of Theory of Mind
Ahmed, F. S., & Stephen Miller, L. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-010-1087-7 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Fan, Y., Chen, C., Chen, S.-C., Jean Decety, A., & Cheng, Y. (2013) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nst101 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Johnson, S. A., Filliter, J., & Murphy, R. R. (2009) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0809-1 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
Lockwood, P. L., Bird, G., Bridge, M., & Viding, E. M. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00760 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Mathersul, D. C., McDonald, S., & Rushby, J. A. (2013) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2013.809700 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
The (non)expression of emotions in health and disease
(1996) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0511(96)90015-0 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Smith, A. (2009) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03395663 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Analysis of Variance of Multiply Imputed Data
van Ginkel, J. R., & Kroonenberg, P. M. (2014) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2013.855890 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
The multiple facets of empathy: a survey of theory and evidence
Leiberg, S., & Anders, S. (2006) · Progress in Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(06)56023-6 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Vetter, N. C., Altgassen, M., Phillips, L. H., Mahy, C. E. V., & Kliegel, M. (2013) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2012.733786 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
A cognitive and an affective dimension of alexithymia in six languages and seven populations
Bermond, B., Clayton, K., Liberova, A., Luminet, O., Maruszewski, T., Ricci Bitti, P. E., Rimé, B., Vorst, H. H., Wagner, H., & Wicherts, J. (2007) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699930601056989 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Cognitive and psychosocial correlates of alexithymia following traumatic brain injury
Henry, J. D., Phillips, L. H., Crawford, J. R., Theodorou, G., & Summers, F. (2006) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.04.011 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Müller, U., Liebermann, D. P., Carpendale, J. I. M., Hammond, S. I., & Bibok, M. B. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2011.08.014 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Empathy Deficits in Asperger Syndrome: a Cognitive Profile
Shamay‐Tsoory, S., Tomer, R., Yaniv, S., & Aharon‐Peretz, J. (2002) · Neurocase · doi:10.1093/neucas/8.3.245 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
The Relation Between Executive Function and Theory of Mind is More Than Skin Deep
Carlson, S. M., Claxton, L. J., & Moses, L. J. (2013) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2013.824883 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Austin, G., Groppe, K., & Elsner, B. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00655 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Grattan, L. M., & Eslinger, P. J. (1989) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/h0091764 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Reactive/proactive aggression and affective/cognitive empathy in children with ASD
Pouw, L. B. C., Rieffe, C. J., Oosterveld, P., Huskens, B., & Stockmann, L. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.12.022 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome
Peter, H., & Penzel, T. (2020) · Springer Reference Medizin · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-54672-3_347-1 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Self-regulation and quality of life in high-functioning young adults with autism
Dijkhuis, R., Ziermans, T. B., van Rijn, S., Staal, W., & Swaab, H. (2016) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361316655525 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationBramham, J., Ambery, F., Young, S., Morris, R., Russell, A., Xenitidis, K., Asherson, P., & Murphy, D. (2009) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361309103790 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Gökçen, E., Frederickson, N., & Petrides, K. V. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2735-3 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Mutter, B., Alcorn, M. B., & Welsh, M. C. (2006) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.102.3.819-835 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Brief Report: The Social Responsiveness Scale for Adults (SRS-A): Initial Results in a German Cohort
Bölte, S. (2011) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-011-1424-5 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Dekker, M. C., Ziermans, T. B., Spruijt, A. M., & Swaab, H. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00048 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationMapping facets of alexithymia to executive dysfunction in daily life
Koven, N. S., & Thomas, W. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.02.034 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Alexithymia and Executive Function in Younger and Older Adults
Santorelli, G., & Ready, R. E. (2015) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2015.1123296 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Neurocognitive correlates of alexithymia in asymptomatic individuals with HIV
Bogdanova, Y., Díaz‐Santos, M., & Cronin‐Golomb, A. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.12.033 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale–IV Dyads for Estimating Global Intelligence
Girard, T. A., Axelrod, B. N., Patel, R., & Crawford, J. R. (2014) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191114551551 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Hypersensitivity to low intensity fearful faces in autism when fixation is constrained to the eyes
Lassalle, A., Johnels, J. Å., Zürcher, N. R., Hippolyte, L., Billstedt, E., Ward, N., Lemonnier, É., Gillberg, C., & Hadjikhani, N. K. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23800 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Emotion recognition and alexithymia in high functioning females with autism spectrum disorder
Ketelaars, M., Velt, A. I., Mol, A. J. J., Swaab, H., & van Rijn, S. (2015) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2015.09.006 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationBellebaum, C., Brodmann, K., & Thoma, P. (2013) · Cognitive Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1080/13546805.2013.823860 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Lassalle, A., Zürcher, N. R., Porro, C. A., Benuzzi, F., Hippolyte, L., Lemonnier, É., Johnels, J. Å., & Hadjikhani, N. K. (2018) · Social Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/17470919.2018.1468358 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Asperger's Syndrome: Intervening in Schools, Clinics and Communities
Daly, P. A., & Bostic, J. Q. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000228314.45159.c4 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Ziermans, T. B., Swaab, H., Stockmann, A., de Bruin, E. I., & van Rijn, S. (2017) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-017-3104-6 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationIntroducing alexithymia: a concept within the psychosomatic process
Stephenson, R. (1996) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638289609166302 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Amani, M., Goodarzi, M., & Ahamadian, H. (2013) · International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences · doi:10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.12.7 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Empathy Deficits in Asperger Syndrome: a Cognitive Profile
Shamay‐Tsoory, S., Tomer, R., Yaniv, S., & Aharon‐Peretz, J. (2002) · Neurocase · doi:10.1076/neur.8.2.245.16203 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Chamberlain E (2003) Behavioral assessment of dysexecutive syndrome (BADS)—reviewed by Elaine Chamberlain. Journal of Occupational Psychology, Employment and Disability 5(2): 33– 37.
- Wechsler D (2012) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Fourth Edition, Nederlandse Editie (WAIS-IV-NL): Manual. Amsterdam: Pearson.
- Xiong-Zhao Z Xiao-Yan W Ying H (2006) A comparative study of Wisconsin Card Sorting Test in individuals with different degrees of alexithymia. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology 14(2): 132– 133.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bemmouna, D., Coutelle, R., Weibel, S., & Weiner, L. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-021-05317-w · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Cognitive and Affective Empathy in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Meta-analysis
Fatima, M., & Babu, N. (2023) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-023-00364-8 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Trait Autism is a Better Predictor of Empathy than Alexithymia
Shah, P., Livingston, L. A., Callan, M. J., & Player, L. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04080-3 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Dijkhuis, R., Ziermans, T. B., van Rijn, S., Staal, W., & Swaab, H. (2019) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04000-5 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationShirayama, Y., Matsumoto, K., Hamatani, S., Muneoka, K. T., Okada, A., & Sato, K. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-07101-x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Autism as a Disorder of Affective Empathy
Schnitzler, T., & Fuchs, T. A. E. (2023) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000533655 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Watanabe, T., & Akechi, T. (2023) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04811-y · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Zhang, W., Zhuo, S., Li, X., & Peng, W. (2022) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-022-05471-9 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Li, W., Lou, W., Zhang, W., Tong, R. K., Jin, R., & Peng, W. (2022) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac184 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Liu, Q., Zhao, X., Liu, W., & Liu, Q. Q. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1027298 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Klöbl, M., Prillinger, K., Diehm, R., Doganay, K., Lanzenberger, R., Poustka, L., Plener, P., & Konicar, L. (2023) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-022-00549-9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Hepach, R., Hedley, D., & Nuske, H. J. (2019) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-019-00606-6 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
ZHANG, W., Zhuo, S., Zheng, Q., Yinglin, G. U. A. N., & Peng, W. (2023) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2023.01501 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Different Aspects of Emotional Awareness in Relation to Motor Cognition and Autism Traits
Huggins, C. F., Cameron, I. M., & Williams, J. H. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02439 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Jiang, Y., Liu, S., Cheng, Q., & Song, Y. (2024) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.rasd.2024.102486 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Davidson, D. Z., & Morales, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.813450 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Empathic Accuracy Task: Indian Adaptation and Validation
Sinha, P., Mehta, U. M., Anuradha, S. N., & Srivastava, P. (2023) · Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1177/02537176221141583 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
BRÍGIDO, E., RODRIGUES, A., & Santos, S. (2023) · Revista Brasileira de Educação Especial · doi:10.1590/1980-54702023v29e0007 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
McEnaney, E., & Ryan, C. (2024) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2024.2320417 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
KloÌbl, M., Prillinger, K., Diehm, R., Doganay, K., Lanzenberger, R., Poustka, L., Plener, P., & Konicar, L. (2022) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2022.05.24.22275449
Shirayama, Y., Matsumoto, K., Hamatani, S., Muneoka, K. T., Okada, A., & Sato, K. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-463309/v1
مصطفى, م. (2020) · مجلة البحث العلمى فى التربية · doi:10.21608/jsre.2020.128473
Watanabe, T., & Akechi, T. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26586162
Watanabe, T., & Akechi, T. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26586159
Zhao, L.-Y., Jiang, Y.-X., Chen, Z.-W., & Song, Y. (2026) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.71236
Raish, S. M. A., Shokr, M. M., Eladawy, R. M., & Azar, Y. O. (2026) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology15100745 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zhang, W., Zhang, J., Yang, Z., Zou, L., & Song, S. (2026) · Research in Autism · doi:10.1016/j.reia.2026.202957
Disentangling Autism and Alexithymia in Empathy Research: A Systematic Review
Gonzalez, D., Muñoz, C., Ortega, N., Palacios, C., Oliveros, J. C., & Santiesteban, I. (2026) · Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40489-026-00584-8
- Authors
- Ziermans, T., de Bruijn, Y., Dijkhuis, R., Staal, W., & Swaab, H.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University (NL)
- Leiden University, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author
- Ziermans, Tim
- Venue
- Autism
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2018-12-14
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1519-1530
- ISSN
- 1362-3613 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7005
- PMC
- PMC6625032
- OpenAlex
- W2903682271
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 90
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 1.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Autism (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- Stumass Scientific Board Foundation.
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, cognitive empathy, affective empathy, executive function, university students, intellectual disability, social-emotional processing, neurotypical comparison
- MeSH terms
- Affective Symptoms, Autistic Disorder, Cognition, Empathy, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Psychological Tests, Students, Case-Control Studies, Young Adult, Executive Function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
