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Cited by 2,504

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review

Open access
Kramer, Axel, Schwebke, Ingeborg, Kampf, Günter·2006·BMC Infectious Diseases
DOI 10.1186/1471-2334-6-130
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Inanimate surfaces have often been described as the source for outbreaks of nosocomial infections. The aim of this review is to summarize data on the persistence of different nosocomial pathogens on inanimate surfaces. METHODS: The literature was systematically reviewed in MedLine without language restrictions. In addition, cited articles in a report were assessed and standard textbooks on the topic were reviewed. All reports with experimental evidence on the duration of persistence of a nosocomial pathogen on any type of surface were included. RESULTS: Most gram-positive bacteria, such as Enterococcus spp. (including VRE), Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA), or Streptococcus pyogenes, survive for months on dry surfaces. Many gram-negative species, such as Acinetobacter spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, or Shigella spp., can also survive for months. A few others, such as Bordetella pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae, Proteus vulgaris, or Vibrio cholerae, however, persist only for days. Mycobacteria, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and spore-forming bacteria, including Clostridium difficile, can also survive for months on surfaces. Candida albicans as the most important nosocomial fungal pathogen can survive up to 4 months on surfaces. Persistence of other yeasts, such as Torulopsis glabrata, was described to be similar (5 months) or shorter (Candida parapsilosis, 14 days). Most viruses from the respiratory tract, such as corona, coxsackie, influenza, SARS or rhino virus, can persist on surfaces for a few days. Viruses from the gastrointestinal tract, such as astrovirus, HAV, polio- or rota virus, persist for approximately 2 months. Blood-borne viruses, such as HBV or HIV, can persist for more than one week. Herpes viruses, such as CMV or HSV type 1 and 2, have been shown to persist from only a few hours up to 7 days. CONCLUSION: The most common nosocomial pathogens may well survive or persist on surfaces for months and can thereby be a continuous source of transmission if no regular preventive surface disinfection is performed.

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Metadata

Authors
Kramer, A., Schwebke, I., & Kampf, G.
Venue
BMC Infectious Diseases
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2006-08-16
Volume
6
Issue
1
Pages
130-130
ISSN
1471-2334 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/1471-2334-6-130
OpenAlex
W1597959609
Cited by
2,504
References
2
FWCI
4.77
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
gold

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